应用模拟模式预测作物的生育过程

一、前言农业系统的模拟模式当与适当的资料源相结合时拥有很大的潜力,能使农业研究和发展进入信息技术时代.在农业学科范围内,作物生产涉及作物遗传型、环境和管理措施之间复杂的相互作用,人们对各个部分以及它们之间的一些相互作用已进行了不少研究,但还有许多研究工作有待进行.有些信     

一种飓风数值预报的初值化方法

本文使用具有Gallelean变换和详细动量、热量垂直输送通量描述的飓风动力方程组,由切向风速得到垂直运动场、加热场等,结果表明了垂直运动场和加热场具有明显的螺旋雨带特征,温度场有暖心结构及其位势高度场具有深低压特征,这些特征和实际观测结果相吻合。这个方法为飓风数值预报初始场提供了可行的方法。 用数值方法预报飓风的发生发展和路经及降水分布是飓风研究的一种主要方法。但是,对于数值预报飓风的初始场的确定仍是一个没有彻底解决的问题。在过去的初始场处理中,大致分几种,一种是初始场全部采用理想化的低压扰动,另一种则是用实际资料得到环境流场然后再加上一个理想化的     

THE IMPACT OF A DIAGNOSTIC CLOUD SCHEME ON FORECASTS WITH A GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE MODEL

Experiments were conducted to test the impact of a cloud diagnosis scheme in place of prescribed zonalaverage cloud on medium and long range integrations with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ResearchCentre(BMRC)global atmosphere model.The cloud scheme was shown to improve the temperature bias inthe lower troposphere but there was deterioration in the upper troposphere,especially in the tropics,asso-ciated with underestimation of high cloud amount.Thirty day mean fields in a January integration showed greater amplitude in the Northern Hemisphereplanetary waves and a deeper Antarctic circumpolar trough than the control experiment or a simulation withno cloud.The results for the diagnosed cloud case agree more closely with corresponding observed fields.There was also some reduction in the zonal average zonal wind component reflecting the additional zonalasymmetry introduced by the diagnostic cloud scheme.Similar trends were also noted in medium and longrange forecasts for January and July conditions,although the impact on predictive skill was slight and insome cases detrimental.Areas for improving the diagnostic cloud scheme are noted.     

前震发生的模型

我们建立了一个前震和前震序列发生的模型。假设前震及主震都是由于早已存在的裂纹的突然合并而发生的。如果裂纹端部的应力强度因子超过某临界值时就会发生合并。在亚临界状态下，每条裂纹都由于应力的侵蚀准静态经历着加速延伸，一直到临界状态时止，裂纹增长就是在此时刻变成灾变性的。当主震临近时，前震的发生率增加，可用时间的幂次律函数对它描述。幂次律中的指数与裂纹尺度、间距和破裂强度的分布无关。这种普遍意味着前震图象应当是预测大震发生时间的有用标志。可是我们发现能量释放图象之间有很大的差异。尽管如此，如果人们有描述障碍体强度和几何分布的先验资料，则根据前震序列中地震的震级来预测大震的震级还是有些希望的。     

机载云粒子视频显微镜

研制了一种新的机载云粒子测量系统.系统由三部分组成:云粒子检测部件、图象显示与记录部件和控制部件.装于飞机头部的探测部件由三部分组成:用于调节采样时间的两个快门、步进式疏水镜台以及带有电荷耦合器件(CCD)视频照相机的光学显微镜.根据阴极射线管上的云粒子图象,用目视即刻就可辨认出云粒子的相态(冰和水)、尺寸、形状和数目.云粒子图象可同时记录在视频磁带录相机(VTR)内.飞行之后,图象信号可方便地从录相机中读出,并由粒子图象分析器进行处理,供进一步分析使用. 观测结果表明,该系统能以1.4秒的时间分辨率提供直径范围为5～150微米云粒子的高质量图象.本文对由粒子图象计算得到的液水含量和由J-W热线含水量仪所得值进行了比较.     

碱性岩中新矿物的比较晶体化学

在科拉半岛和北乌拉尔的碱性岩中近来发现了五种新矿物.莫斯科大学结晶学系在近三年的时间里测定了这些矿物的结构.本篇评论概述了这些矿物的结构测定结果.Grumantite(Na[Si_2O_4(OH)].H_2O),产于Lovezero碱性岩块,其结构中存在一种新型的间断骨架,这种骨架是四面体络合基(T_2O_5)的非典型的结构形式.它的形式与(OH)-基的存在有关,羟基使得每个配位四面体内的平均负电荷减少.Clinobehoite[Be(OH)_2],产于北乌拉尔的脱硅伟晶岩内,与其他Be矿物:硅铍钙石、锂铍脆云母及富铁高岭石共生.它的结构由三层Be四面体层组成的结构单元层之间以氢键相连而构成.在Clinobehoite的红外光谱中明确地揭示出不同类型的氢键的存在.     

Constraints on the nucleus and dust properties from mid-infrared imaging of comet Hyakutake

We use Mie scattering theory to determine the expected thermal emission from dust grains in cometary comae and apply these results to mid-infrared images of comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2) obtained preperihelion in 1996 March. Calculations were performed for dust grains in the size range from 0.1 to 10 micrometers for two different compositions: amorphous olivine (a silicate glass) and an organic residue mixture. The resulting emission efficiencies are complicated functions of wavelength and particle size and are significantly different for the two materials in question. The Hyakutake data set consists of three nights of high-resolution imaging (100-150 km pixel-1 at the comet) of the inner coma at 8.7, 11.7, 12.5, and 19.7 micrometers. Attempts to fit the observed colors (ratios of fluxes at different wavelengths) using a single grain composition failed. However, fits to the data were achieved for all three nights using a mixture of approximately 1 micrometer olivine grains and approximately 7 micrometers organic grains. The resulting olivine mass fraction was between 8% and 16% of the total dust mass-loss rate. We also estimate the radius of the nucleus to be r = 2.1 +/- 0.4 km.     

Political unification and regional consequences of German East-West migration

"The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the post-unification East to West transfer of the German population on levels of spatial concentration and deconcentration in Eastern and Western Germany. Using 1991 internal migration data, it was found that German East-to-West migration served to deconcentrate regional population in the West, but concentrate population in the East. Regional variations in German East-to-West migration during 1991 can be explained by the availability of employment and housing, a distance-minimisation effect, and the location of relatives and friends."