荷电雨滴的碰撞

云滴碰撞结果对降水的演变十分重要.碰撞雨滴是并合还是分离,电荷起着决定性作用.在实验室里用以终速自由下落的荷电滴做了实验,揭示了滴碰撞的许多新特点.     

地震的震级频度分布与古登堡—里克特关系式的偏离:大震之前前兆异常的检测

本文介绍了表示地震的震级频度分布与古登堡-里克特(GR)关系式偏离的一种量度。以前曾认为震级频度分布遵从古登堡-里克特关系式,然而,实际分布常常与这一关系式偏离相当大。令n_i、N、M_0和b分别是震级为M_i～M_i+△M的事件数目、地震的总数目、震级的下限以及古登堡-里克特关系式的b值。这样,用Kullback-Leibler平均信息就可给出偏离的量度:式中,p(X_i)=n_i/N,q(X_i)= b ln 10 exp(-b ln 10 X_i),函数q(X_i)代表古登堡-里克特分布,因此这个量度给出了震级分布与古登堡-里克特关系式的偏离程度。如果地震的震级分布与古登堡-里克特关系式符合得越好,那么‘C’值将越小;而如果分布精确地遵从古登堡-里克特关系式时,‘C’为零。相反,如果分布与古登堡-里克特关系式偏离很大,‘C’指标给出的值也很大。我们研究了日本的大地震和震群前后‘C’值随时间的变化,结果显示出大震前后‘C’值的变化是不可忽视的。在大震之前,‘C’值变小,这说明震级分布与古登堡-里克特关系式吻合得较好,主震之后,‘C’急剧变化。在震群活动期间,‘C’值的变化也相当大,但是,震群的‘C’值比一般地震的‘C’值小些。在某些震群中,‘C’指标在最大活动时刻达到极大值。这个量度是很有用的工具,用它可观测地震活动的典型特征并且或许可用来作为检验大震的前兆现象。     

陇南山区斜坡重力地质作用特征研究

位于地质构造、地层、地貌、气侯和植被五位一体叠加脆弱带的陇南地区是我国主要滑坡、泥石流、崩塌等斜坡重力地质作用区之一。本文简述了斜坡重力地质作用的概念和类型，着重分析了其垂直分带性、区域性、季节性、周期性、阶段性、继承性和共生性等作用特征，揭示了斜坡重力地质作用的活动规律。     

Gonadal histology and serum vitellogenin levels of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus from the Northern Pacific Ocean--absence of endocrine disruption bio-indicators

Endocrine disrupting chemicals such as organochlorines have been detected in a large number of marine fish. Histological observation of the gonads, measurement of serum vitellogenin (VTG) level and of liver polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) content were performed to evaluate the reproductive health and the contamination with endocrine disruptors in bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus, collected in the northern Pacific Ocean in 1999 and 2000. Abnormalities commonly found in species affected by endocrine disruptors such as the presence of oocytes in the testis or elevated serum VTG levels were not found in any of males examined. Both males and females had only small amounts of liver PCB content. The results suggest that currently there is little if any risk of organochlorine contamination or endocrine disruption of gonadal function in bigeye tuna from the northern Pacific Ocean. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate the health status of the open sea fishery resources.     

International survey on the distribution of stranded and buried litter on beaches along the Sea of Japan

The distribution and abundance of marine litter on 26 beaches along the Sea of Japan were investigated from September to November 2000. The mean concentration of stranded litter in Japan and Russia was 2144 and 1344 g/100 m(2), respectively. The mean number of pieces of stranded litter in Japan and Russia was 341 and 20.7/100 m(2), respectively. The most abundant type of stranded litter was plastic, which accounted for 40-80 % of the total items in terms of weight and number. The mean concentration of buried litter in Japan and Russia was 9.03 and 2.70 g/m(2), respectively. The total weight ratio of buried litter to stranded litter in the samples was 0.65, suggesting the significance of buried litter when evaluating the status of litter on beaches. Resin pellets were found on 12 Japanese beaches, but on none of the Russian beaches.     

Surveillance for previously unmonitored organic contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program initiated surveillance monitoring to identify previously unmonitored synthetic organic contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary. Organic extracts of water samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in full scan mode. The major contaminant classes identified in the samples were fire retardants, pesticides, personal care product ingredients, and plasticizers. Evidence from the literature suggests that some of these contaminants can persist in the environment, induce toxicity, and accumulate in marine biota and in higher food chain consumers. The major sources of these contaminants into the marine environment are the discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater effluents, urban stormwater, and agricultural runoff. As a proactive effort, it is suggested that surveillance studies be used routinely in monitoring programs to identify and prevent potential problem contaminants from harming the marine environment.     

Application of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to extraction of soft body for the determination of tissue Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the prosobranch Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant)

The application of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as a shell extractant for preparation of soft body parts with reference to tissue metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) in shellfish has been evaluated on the example of the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae, a small marine prosobranch densely present in rocky and soft-bottom habitats of the eastern Atlantic. A solution of 0.1 M TCA was tested on individuals treated according to two different protocols: (1) thawed after freezing ("non-dried") and (2) thawed and air-dried to a constant weight ("dried"). Two points were investigated in detail to improve the method: individual soft tissue dry weight and tissue metal concentration following a standard digestion method. In both instances, the results were compared with those from manually dissected snails. Conditions for total shell decalcification of 60 individuals (3-4 mm long) were 5.5 h in 20 ml of 0.1 M TCA.No differences in individual soft tissue weight were observed between the treatments, indicating good efficiency of the TCA extraction with respect to weight of soft body parts. In contrast, tissue metal concentrations varied among treatments. The TCA extraction of the dried animals had a good recovery for Cd, most likely due to the lower solubility of Cd vital cellular components (proteins and mineral concretions) from the dried tissue. Satisfactory recoveries of the tissue concentrations of Cu and Pb were obtained for the non-dried individuals. This might be related to the specific distribution of metals in the organism (namely in the digestive glands and gonads) and their different chemical reactivity with TCA after the tissue was dried. Limited susceptibility of Zn-bearing protein bindings to complexing with TCA also accounts for significantly lower concentrations of Zn in the mud snail's soft tissue that was extracted. The 0.1 M TCA solution is therefore recommended for extraction of the shells of Hydrobia ulvae for tissue determination of Cd, Cu and Pb; however the treatment protocol does affect metal recovery and thus a consistent procedure should be followed.The extracted metals from the soft tissues and shells of the mud snails (on the basis of both metal concentrations and contents) were ranked in order of increasing contribution of soft body parts to the total (shell+tissue): Pb相似文献   

地震电磁发射前兆的特性

分析了日本60多个有关地震前兆的电磁发射数据的事件。分析指出,主震震级(M)越大,可观测到信号的地点距震中的距离(D_(max))越大。M—D_(max)间的关系与其他地球物理前兆相一致。没有观测到前兆时间和震级M的关系,这种情况与前震前兆是非常相同的。电磁发射前兆的平均前兆时间为0.26天,因此前兆基本上是短期的。     

中国北方黄土高原地区黄土的微结构模型(详细摘要)

试样为取自中国北方黄土高原标准剖面^①中的马兰(Q₃)、离石(Q₂)、午城(Q₁)以及次生的洪积-冲积(Q₄)黄土.各方面成功的配合与多手段的综合性研究使我们能对黄土的微结构模型有了概念,能分析结构特征对黄土某些性质的影响,并可用来解释已提出的有关成因的一些看法.