利用背景噪声校正海底地震仪钟差

地震记录中时间的精确性对于现代处理技术至关重要。然而,对于由无法直接通信的仪器组成的台阵来说,仪器之间的时钟同步是很困难的。通过全球定位系统(GPS)进行时间同步是陆上的一个选择,但不能用于水下测量,因为电磁信号在水中不能有效传播。如果时钟漂移是线性的,那么可以通过部署前后的全球定位系统同步来估计海底地震仪的时间校正。但对于很多应用来说,这还不够,因为在长时间的实验中,这种漂移的非线性部分可以达到数十到数百毫秒。我们提出两种技术方法来提取同步记录的海底仪器在部署完成之后的时间记录差异。这两种技术都是基于对地震背景噪声的互相关分析,即使时钟漂移是非线性的,也都是有效的。第一种称为时间对称性分析(TSA),易于应用但需要合适的解释,以使噪声互相关函数在时间上是对称的;第二种基于重复地震分析方法,没有这种限制。本文分别讨论了两种方法的优缺点。通过在两组海底地震仪数据集的实际应用,表明两种方法都可以将仪器时钟同步误差控制到约5ms以下(主周期的百分之几)。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF LOESS.

In general, geologically speaking, it has been noted that if the formation of coal took place during the Permo-Carboniferous period, its volatile matter will al ways be less than 30％ when analized, and the contrary is usually the case for coal created during the Tertiary and Jurassic, these having more than 40％.     

Cross-borehole flowmeter tests for transient heads in heterogeneous aquifers

Cross-borehole flowmeter tests have been proposed as an efficient method to investigate preferential flowpaths in heterogeneous aquifers, which is a major task in the characterization of fractured aquifers. Cross-borehole flowmeter tests are based on the idea that changing the pumping conditions in a given aquifer will modify the hydraulic head distribution in large-scale flowpaths, producing measurable changes in the vertical flow profiles in observation boreholes. However, inversion of flow measurements to derive flowpath geometry and connectivity and to characterize their hydraulic properties is still a subject of research. In this study, we propose a framework for cross-borehole flowmeter test interpretation that is based on a two-scale conceptual model: discrete fractures at the borehole scale and zones of interconnected fractures at the aquifer scale. We propose that the two problems may be solved independently. The first inverse problem consists of estimating the hydraulic head variations that drive the transient borehole flow observed in the cross-borehole flowmeter experiments. The second inverse problem is related to estimating the geometry and hydraulic properties of large-scale flowpaths in the region between pumping and observation wells that are compatible with the head variations deduced from the first problem. To solve the borehole-scale problem, we treat the transient flow data as a series of quasi-steady flow conditions and solve for the hydraulic head changes in individual fractures required to produce these data. The consistency of the method is verified using field experiments performed in a fractured-rock aquifer.     

基于改性糯米灰浆的3种锚杆锚固性能对比研究

锚固浆液的类型及其与杆体、土体的兼容协调性问题是土遗址锚固领域的研究焦点。由糯米浆为胶凝主材和由黏土、粉煤灰为填充料组成的改性糯米灰浆与木锚杆、玻璃纤维增强塑料锚杆、钢筋锚杆组成了3种锚固系统。通过对3种锚固系统的原位锚固、拉拔试验和界面应力-应变监测,分析比较了3种锚固系统的破坏模式、极限荷载、荷载-位移特征,剖析了杆体-浆体界面应力分布传递规律和界面测点应变对荷载时步的响应程度。在初步分析其锚固机制的基础上,最终得出了此类基于改性糯米灰浆的3种锚固系统的锚固性能的优劣完全取决于杆体-浆体的受力机制、变形和强度特征所决定的力学兼容性的结论。该研究成果为以糯米浆为主材的改性浆液在土遗址锚固领域中的应用提供了依据和参考。     

煤田火区碳排放量计算模型和关键参数研究

完善碳排放清单,是进行减排工作的基础,为了查明煤田火区对大气碳排放的贡献量,以煤氧复合作用学说为理论基础,从不同的研究思路出发,提出了烧失煤量法和排放通量法两种火区碳排放量计算模型。在明确模型中关键参数“释放因子”“排放系数α”“排放通量”“排放系数β”的具体含义的基础上,重点对各参数所对应的获取途径进行了研究论述：(1)释放因子通过在室内进行煤自燃模拟实验得出;(2)排放系数α通过煤岩吸附实验结合火区实地勘测得出;(3)排放通量通过对火区现场煤自燃气体排放及环境因素的实时监测得出;(4)排放系数β通过对遥感图像裂隙信息的提取得到。上述两种计算模型在我国乌达实验区进行了实际应用,并对其可实现性进行了检验。     

基于稳定性同位素的普里兹湾南极大磷虾不同发育阶段食性转变分析

As one of the most common and dominant species in the Southern Ocean, Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)play a significant role in food web structure and the process of energy flow. The diet of Antarctic krill in the Prydz Bay during austral summer of 2012/2013 was investigated and the ontogenetic shift in krill diet was evaluated using the stable isotope method. The nitrogen stable isotope values(δ~(15) N) of adults((2.78±0.58)‰) were much higher than those of juveniles((1.69±0.70)‰), whereas the carbon stable isotope values(δ~(13) C) of adults(–(28.26±1.08)‰) were slightly lower than those of juveniles(–(27.48±1.35)‰). Particulate organic matter(POM)from 0, 25, and 50 m depth combined(0/25/50 m) represented phytoplankton food items. The results showed that phytoplankton food items in surface water and mesozooplankton were two essential food items for Antarctic krill in the Prydz Bay during summer. POM(0/25/50 m) contributes 56%–69% and 26%–34% to the diet of juvenile and adult krill, respectively, whereas mesozooplankton composes 13%–34% and 58%–71% of the diet of juvenile and adult krill, respectively. Thus, an ontogenetic diet shift from POM(0/25/50 m), which consists mainly of phytoplankton, to a higher trophic level diet containing mesozooplankton, was detected. The capacity for adults to consume more zooplankton food items may minimize their food competition with juveniles, which rely mostly on phytoplankton food items. This suggests "diet shift with ontogeny" which may somehow help krill keep their dietary energy budget balanced and well adapted to the Antarctic marine ecosystem as a dominant species.     

南海海槽西部俯冲带日向滩地区俯冲九州—帕劳洋脊的成像

为了研究九州—帕劳洋脊(KPR)俯冲部分与同震破裂扩展、地震活动性和浅部甚低频地震的关系,对南海海槽西部俯冲带日向滩地区进行了三维地震层析成像。结合岸上和近海记录的主动源和被动源地震数据,成像了从该海槽轴附近到海岸地区的深部板块。我们的结果表明,俯冲的九州—帕劳洋脊为西北—东南向的低速带,向下扩展到约30km的深度。在这个深度,我们认为俯冲的九州—帕劳洋脊与板块分离,成为上覆大陆板块的底座。由于过去大地震的同震滑动地区没有延伸到俯冲的九州—帕劳洋脊,我们认为九州—帕劳洋脊可能阻碍了破裂的扩展。俯冲的九州—帕劳洋脊的内部在很宽的深度上分布有活跃的板内地震活动。浅部甚低频地震在俯冲的九州—帕劳洋脊上部连续发生,而在俯冲的九州—帕劳洋脊的东北部却是间歇地出现。因此,俯冲的九州—帕劳洋脊看来是这个地区同震破裂扩展和地震现象的一个重要因素。     

由书架型断层作用容纳的冰岛北部火山裂谷带的运动

沿中央海岭,延伸的地壳以10~1 000km的尺度分段（MacDonald et al,1988）。在裂谷段相互错开的地方,段与段之间的运动由垂直于主裂谷轴方向的转换断层所容纳。在段叠加的地方,不同几何形状的非转换断层（Grindlay et al,1991）容纳剪切运动。这里,我们采用微震数据来分析冰岛北部出露的两个叠加裂谷段的断层几何形状。在这两个裂谷段之间,我们识别了沿主裂谷走向排列的一系列断层。这些断层为左旋走滑运动。而叠加裂谷段之间的运动则是右旋运动。这些运动一起产生了断层的顺时针旋转,致使地壳块体按书架型断层机制（类似于书架上倾斜放置的书的排列而得名）运动（Mandl,1987）。这些断层或许活化了已经存在的地壳软弱面,如原始走向平行于主裂谷并具有15°顺时针旋转的岩脉侵入体。先期存在、平行于裂谷的软弱面的活化与典型的中央海岭转换断层相反,说明非转换断层容纳着叠加段之间的剪切错动。     

日本超低频地磁场测量及关于1998年Iwateken Nairiku Hokubu地震的近期研究成果

过去对Spitak,Loma Prieta和Guam地震的研究表明,大地震发生之前都会有相应的磁场异常。为了确认这一事实并详细研究超低频（ULF）现象,日本建立了一个超低频磁力仪的监测网络,开展了包括小型台阵在内的网络观测工作。文中同时介绍了在Matsukawa台站观测到的与Iwateken Nairiku Hokubu地震（震级M6．1级,发生在1998年9月3日,震源深度为10km）相关的地磁资料。分析了4．5年的资料,并对获得的结果进行了讨论。在地震前两个星期,水平和垂直分量之间的谱密度比的（极化）变化表现出异常情况。这是在相当长的数据分析中发现的一次独特的变化,它暗示了这种异常变化可能是大地震孕育期间的一个信号。     

亚洲通量观测网建立的回顾与展望

1IntroductionTheelucidationofthebudgetsofcarbon,waterandothermassesatvariouslandecosystemshasbecomeanimportantsubjectintheglobalwarmingissue.Forthisstudy,thedatafrompreciseandlong-termobservationsofcarbondioxide,watervapor,andheatfluxtakeninvariouslandsur…