PRIMARY STUDY OF SULFATE AND CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS IN BEIJING

Results of our aerosol study, performed during 1983-1984 in Beijing, demonstrate that ambient carbonaceous aerosols are derived mainly from coal combustion. Different SO, oxidation processes have been observed in summer and winter. The winter sulfate appears to be produced locally and associated with products of incomplete combustion.     

暖云雨滴大小和电荷的观测研究

本文对30次暖性阵雨的35000多个雨滴的大小和电荷量进行了测量,并根据阵雨的强度分析了电荷谱的情况。结果表明:带正电雨滴的百分比随雨滴的增大而增大,也随阵雨强度的增强而增加。雨滴电荷的分布是不对称的,正电荷的分布总是比负电荷来得宽,且当电荷值较小时以负滴为主,而当电荷值较大时,则正滴明显占优势。在一部分观测时段中,测站附近的火山爆发。它对雨滴电荷的影响是使电荷分布变窄,带大电荷的雨滴比例下降。本文用暖云中雨滴形成时离子与雨滴的相互作用的起电机制来讨论和解释上述结果。     

无线电探空仪的钨丝温度感应元件

钨丝作为温度感应元件,性能十分良好,但加工比较困难。本文介绍一种新设计的钨丝温度感应元件及其与热敏电阻温度感应元件所作的比较试验。钨丝温度感应元件如图1所示。用直径10μm,总长24cm 的钨丝绕成螺旋状,螺旋     

南非元古宙维特瓦特斯兰德砂金矿床金粒中银和汞含量的成矿及地球化学意义

引言兰德盆地位于南非的德兰士瓦省和奥兰治自由邦境内,呈椭圆状,面积约52000平方公里。维特瓦特斯兰德盆地元古宙含金地层大部分被较年轻的地层所覆盖,该地层蕴藏着迄今世界上金储量最大的金-铀砂积矿床。古砂金矿床产在维特瓦特斯兰德(简你兰德)超群(2500～2600百万年)中。该群由河流相、湖泊相、海相沉积物互层组成,并夹有少量的火山岩。二十亿年前布什维尔     

S—型花岗岩及其在北美西南部可能缺失

已经被用来(而且目前仍在继续使用)标定澳大利亚东南部的Lachlan褶皱带(LFB)中S-型花岗岩的一些标准在本文中又做了评述,而且与北美西南部的各种过铝花岗岩进行了比较。根据一些不充分的资料,其中的某些花岗岩已被归类为S-型花岗岩。实际上在LFB中所有的体积巨大的S-型花岗岩是近地表的岩基花岗岩,它们通常与S-型火山岩组合在一起,而不与区域变质岩和混合岩相伴生。这些花岗岩强烈地过铝,堇青石的存在则为一证据。含有原生白云母的花岗岩是很少见的。由于在沉积源岩的形成过程中化学风化作用的结果,所有这类花岗岩是低Na、Ca和Sr的。北美西南部不同时代的过铝花岗岩则有明显的差异。这些花岗岩很少含有堇青石(在LFB中,为S-型花岗岩的一个标志矿物),但是其中的某些花岗岩具有进一步演化的特点,以致结晶出富含Fe—Mn的石榴石。这些花岗岩主要是二云母花岗岩,与LFB中大多数过铝花岗岩相比,其结晶作用发生在水(?)度较高及深度更深的环境下。含堇青石的火山岩(S-型)至今未见报导。北美西南的过铝花岗岩总体上来讲是高Na的。这些岩石的某些具有奥长花岗岩的亲缘性,其母岩浆似乎很象是从遭受过改造的玄武质岩石经部分熔融而产生的。局部出现的某些过铝花岗岩(边缘至准铝型)可能是由于高层位的I-型花岗岩混染所造成的。这些岩石不是S-型花岗岩。到目前为止,仍没有提供充分的证据来证实北美西南部过铝花岗岩是S-型花岗岩。     

多参数测定回转钻进实验台

随着钻探设备与工艺的进展，目前提高钻探工作的经济技术指标已不再是依靠经验和熟练程度了，而是依赖对钻进工作的理论研究和对工艺过程的科学分析。所以对于钻进效率有关的许多参数应当有一个较为精确的数值。对各种钻进方法的破岩理论，既要有宏观的认识，又要有微观的研究，对不同结构的新品种钻头，不仅要在生产实践中检验，同时也必须在严格的实验室条件下进行试钻得出科学的评价，这就需要建立一套完整的检测钻进参数的测试系统和能模拟实际钻进的实验台。从上述目的出发，我们设计和组装了一台能测定多参数的可以自动显示和纪录的钻进实验台。     

Trace metals in fish and invertebrates of three California coastal Wetlands

Metal concentrations were measured in selected fish and invertebrate species from Mugu Lagoon, Malibu Lagoon and Ballona Wetlands in southern California in order to assess the extent of metal contamination in these three wetlands. Ranges of element concentrations (in microgram/g) found in biota were: Zn 12-650; Cu 1.9-440; Ni < 1-37; Cr < 1-55; Pb < 0.5-6.8; As < 1-8.5; Se < 1-3.8; Cd < 0.2-0.90; and Ag < 0.3-5.9. Relative to previous studies of California biota, the highest metal concentrations found were for chromium and nickel. The highest levels were in one of the two bottom-dwelling fish (juvenile Leptocottus armatus) (55 micrograms/g) and the two water-column fish sampled (Fundulus parvipinnis and Atherinops affinis) (30 and 24 micrograms/g). At Ballona Lagoon, elevated levels of copper and silver were found in the bivalve Tagelus californianus (440 and 5.9 micrograms/g). Chromium and nickel appeared to be most persistent in fish from Mugu (4.6-55 and 2.6-37 micrograms/g), the most northern site and an active military base, and Ballona (< 1-30 and < 1-16 micrograms/g), believed to be the most metal-contaminated site. Compared to previously measured metal concentrations in species of California coastal waters, these regions revealed higher levels of chromium, nickel, silver, arsenic, zinc, copper and, to a lesser extent, cadmium and selenium. Chromium and silver were present at high enough levels at all three sites to be considered environmental health hazards.     

Marine risk assessment: linear alkylbenzenesulponates (LAS) in the North Sea

The fate of linear alkylbenzenesulponates (LAS) in estuaries and coastal areas of the North Sea has been characterized with simple environmental models. The predicted concentration range in the estuaries around the North Sea (0.9-9 microg LAS l(-1)) was validated by monitoring data (1-9 microg LAS l(-1)). In offshore sites of the North Sea, it is estimated--and experimentally verified for a few sites--that the LAS concentration is below analytical detection limit (i.e., 0.5 microg LAS l(-1)). The effects of LAS on marine organisms have been reviewed. For short-term acute tests, there was no significant difference (p = 0.83) between the mean LC50 values of freshwater and marine organisms (mainly pelagic species tested, 4.1 and 4.3 mg LAS l(-1), respectively). For longer-term chronic tests, it appeared that the sensitivity (mean no-observed effect concentration (NOEC) value) of marine and freshwater organisms (0.3 and 2.3 mg LAS l(-1), respectively) was significantly different pt-test = 0.007). The predicted no-effect-concentrations (PNEC) were 360 and 31 microg LAS l(-1), for freshwater and marine pelagic communities, respectively. Given that the maximum expected estuarine and marine concentrations are 3 to > 30 times lower than the PNEC, the risk of LAS to pelagic organisms in these environments is judged to be low.     

The mean value concept in mono-linear regression of multi-variables and its application to trace studies in geosciences

The "mean value concept" in a mono-linear regression of multi-variables is clarified.Its applications to reconstruction of the past 90-year salinity of the sea surface water in Xisha Islands and to tracing the past 80 ka paleo-geomagnetic events from the Luochuan loess 10Be record are introduced in detail,which show the significance and the potential of the "mean value concept" in geoscience research.     

用大量余震震源机制估计2000年鸟取县西部地震区域的应力场

根据大量震源机制估计了2000年鸟取县西部地震（Mw=6．6）前后的区域应力场。为约束主震前的应力场，我们比较了主震产生的静态应力变化与主震后应力场的空间分布。在余震区的北部和中部，推测主震前的偏应力量值太大，不会受到静态应力变化的影响。主震前的最大主应力轴的方向与构造应力场一致。而在余震区南部，主震滑动较大的地区及其周围，发现由于静态应力变化较大，主震后应力场的空间分布很不均匀。在断层南端附近，静态应力变化的空间分布与余震的P轴方位角一致，推测主震前的偏应力量值小到足以受到静态应力变化（5MPa）影响的地步。断层南端原有余震断层面的强度可能特别弱。发现主震前的应力场在小于主震断层长度的尺度上是不均匀的。