地震的微观物理学与宏观物理学

摩擦熔融和流体增压在大地震破裂动力学中可发挥重要作用。对摩擦应力σf下的断裂，温度随着σf和震级Mw而增加。如果加热带厚度w为几个毫米的量级，那么对于Mw=5～6的地震，即使是中等的σf，温度升高△T也会超过1000℃，同时熔融很可能发生，并减少断裂过程中的摩擦。如果断层带中存在流体，对Mw=3～4的地震来说，一个100℃～200℃的中等的△T就会增加足够的孔隙压力，而明显减少摩擦。通过平均微观状态中的应力，可使应力微观状态同宏观地震参数如地震矩M0及辐射能ER联系起来。由于热过程仅对大地震起重要作用，因此小地震和大地震的动力学可能截然不同。这种不同反应在观测到的标定能量e^～=ER／MR和M0之间的关系上。大地震观测到的e^～要比小地震观测到的e^～大10～100倍。成熟的断层带，如圣安德烈斯断层带处于比较中等的应力水平，但是板块内的应力可能却很高。一旦滑动超过阈值，失控破裂就会发生，这样就可以解释在某些成熟断层带观测到的震级-频度间的异常关系。热控制的滑动机制将产生一种非线性特征，在一定环境下，这种滑动特征即使是在同一位置上，也会因地震的不同而不同。同样，大地震期间的滑动速度也要比从小地震推断出的滑动速度快得多。     

在美国太平洋海岸西北部消除惊慌

科学家最近发现有力的证据说明，在过去几千年里，特大地震(震级8～9级)重复发生在美国的太平洋海岸西北部，最近的一次发生在300年前。这个发现已经促使人们加固现有的建筑并修改这个地区的建筑规范。这些措施在未来地震中将挽救生命，减少损失。     

SAMPLING METHODS AND APPROACHES USING RADIONUCLIDE TRACERS IN THE STUDY OF SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION AND CROSS MARGIN TRANSPORT IN NEARSHORE OF THE LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES

1 INTRODUCTION Sediment resuspension, particularly in response to episodic storm events, is a common characteristic of coastal and nearshore environments. The resulting 揵enthic storms?may play a significant role in the dynamics of benthic systems, including structuring the physical characteristics of the bottom, providing a mechanism for the recycling of biogeochemically important materials to the water column, and driving horizontal and cross margin transport of suspended particulates …     

Natural water-purification system observed in a shallow coastal lagoon: Matsukawa-ura,Japan

Field surveys and in situ experiments were conducted in the shallow Matsukawa-ura in summer to evaluate the biological efficiencies of shallow-water areas for preserving coastal ecosystems. In Matsukawa-ura (5.8 km(2)), the suspension-feeding bivalves Ruditapes philippinarum and Crassostrea gigas were the dominant animals--their total biomasses (wet weight) were estimated to be 3.4 x 10(6) and 2.3 x 10(6) kg, respectively. Ulva sp. and Zostera marina were the dominant macrophyte species during the summer, with standing crops estimated to be 0.29 x 10(6) and 0.20 x 10(6) kg, respectively. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) uptake rates for Ulva sp. and Z. marina were determined by in situ experiments. An ecological model calculated on the basis of the observed dataset showed that, in comparison with tidal exchange, a significant amount of particulate organic matter was removed by bivalve filtration and a considerable quantity of DIN was removed by macrophyte species.     

Chronic effects of tributyltin on the caprellid amphipod Caprella danilevskii

In order to examine the biological effects by TBT exposure, experiments involving the exposure of five levels of TBT concentrations (0, 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 ngl(-1)) were conducted on the caprellid amphipod Caprella danilevskii, over a generation after hatching. Marked delays in growth and molting during the early developmental stage and maturation were found in both 100 and 1000 ng TBTCl l(-1) concentrations in spite of the sex. All specimens died in 10,000 ng TBTCl l(-1) within 4 days after hatching. Inhibition of maturation and reproduction such as delaying in the achievement of maturity and a decrease in the number of juveniles hatched was apparent in 10 and 100 ng TBTCl l(-1) concentrations. Furthermore, brood loss, and failure in egg formation and hatching were observed as the TBT concentration became higher. No significant changes in sex ratio were seen at any of the TBT exposure levels during hatching and maturation in the present study. This phenomenon was different from a previous study in which the proportion of females was increased with an increase in TBT concentrations in the embryonic exposure experiment. This suggests that sex disturbance is induced during the embryonic stage of the species. A drastic decrease in survival rate was observed at 10 ng TBTCl l(-1) (25%) which corresponds to the mean level in coastal waters. Therefore, the present encountering ambient TBT concentration may influence populations of C. danilevskii in the coastal environment.     

越南西北部一个岩溶山地流域的水文地质特征

本文介绍对越南西北部一个岩溶山地流域——Suoi Muoi河流域水文地质特征的初步评价。该流域海拔600～1700m,面积284km~2。出露的石灰岩占整个流域面积的32％。对该流域已进行了各种类型的评价,包括野外地质和水文地质调查、溶洞调查、染色示踪试验、气象和地表水监测等。通过地质研究和溶洞调查在该流域内识别出了主要的活动溶洞/通道系统。尽管这些数据很重要,但据此还不足以对该流域作一个全面的评价。笔者试图根据短期(15个月)的气     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲地下水盐化特征及成因分析

在综合分析大量实测资料和参考资料的基础上,阐明了渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲地下水不同埋深的分布面积、盐化特征、化学类型、补排量、含盐量的时空变化及成因.结果显示:(1)在绿洲平原区,地下水埋深3～6m范围最大,占总面积的39.68%;在灌区地下水埋深1～3m范围最大,占53.03%.在绿洲平原区,地下水矿化度小于1g/L范围最大,占总面积的91.98%;在灌区地下水矿化度小于1g/L的范围最大,占94.81%.从pH值来看,pH值7.5～8.0范围之间的面积最大,占总面积的90.25%.(2)冲积洪积扇北部属于淡水带,水化学类型为HCO_3-Cl-SO_4-Ca-Na;冲积洪积扇中部属于上成下淡水带,水化学类型为SO_4-Cl-Na-Mg;冲积洪积扇南部属于上成下淡水带,水化学类型为Cl-SO_4-Na-Mg.从水质上看,Ⅲ级地下水分布面积最大,占总面积的84.77%,其地下水资源量占61.89%.(3)地下水含盐量在时间尺度上,波动较大,1997、2000、2001年含盐量较高,均为3.7g/L以上,而1998、1999、2006年较低,为3.4g/L左右;在空间尺度上,研究区东部的地下水含盐量高于西部,南部高于北部,东南部高于西北部.(4)可溶性矿物的溶解、地下水水位抬升、强烈的蒸发、降水量的稀少、农业灌溉、化肥的使用是渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲地下水含盐的主要原因.