Application of Advanced Analytics and Visualization in Mineral Systems

正The key to answering many compelling and complex questions in Earth,planetary,and life science lies in breaking down the barriers between scientific fields and harnessing the integrated,multi-disciplinary power of Earth,planetary,and bioscience data resources.We have a unique opportunity to integrate large and rapidly expanding"big data"resources,to enlist powerful analytical and visualization methods,and to answer multi-disciplinary questions that cannot be addressed by one field alone.     

中天山卡瓦布拉克地区中-基性岩脉的年代学及岩石成因

中天山卡瓦布拉克地区侵入岩类广泛发育,并多处被中-基性岩脉穿插。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得闪长岩和辉长岩脉年龄分别为296.1±2.5 Ma(MSWD=1.4),299.5±2 Ma(MSWD=1.07),均侵位于早二叠世。岩石学和岩石地球化学分析结果表明该区中-基性岩脉具有富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(Rb,U,Th)、亏损高场强元素(Nb,Ta,Ti)的地球化学特征,SREE为69.19~234.62,LREE/HREE=3.97~11.18。闪长岩脉锆石(176Hf/177Hf)值为0.280 618~0.283 329,对应的εHf(t)值为-14.57^+25.06。研究数据表明,该区中-基性岩脉可能起源于亏损岩石圈地幔,原始岩浆在侵位过程中发生了分离结晶作用,同时还受到了地壳混染作用的影响。基于卡瓦布拉克地区中-基性岩脉的野外地质特征和地球化学分析结果,并结合区域地质资料,认为它们形成于南天山洋闭合之后的后碰撞伸展构造背景。     

围压作用下岩石样品中微裂纹的闭合

岩石中普遍存在的微裂纹对其物理性质有十分显著的影响.为了得到不同围压条件下岩样内部微裂纹形态的变化,选取几种具有明显层理的岩石圈岩石样品,在不同围压下沿相互正交的三个方向对纵横波速度和线应变等进行了测量,根据O’Connell模型通过计算得出有效泊松比、裂纹密度、裂纹孔隙度和裂纹的c/a比值（a为硬币形裂纹半长轴的长度,c为其半宽度）.结果表明,随着围压的增加,在垂直于层理面的方向上裂纹闭合最快但c/a比值不减反增.结合显微组构分析可知,岩石中的裂纹表面实际上是凸凹不平的,在围压增加引起裂纹闭合过程中一条裂纹可以变成几个,长度成倍减小但宽度变化不大,所以在垂直于层理面的方向上c/a比值随围压增加而增大.但另两个方向上的变化明显不同,应该与模型本身的适用范围有关.通过同时测量纵、横波速度,计算c/a比值,可以对样品中微裂纹的几何形态及空间分布方式有定性或半定量的了解.     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油形成条件与分布规律

利用准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组地质、试油、录井、岩石薄片及地球化学等资料,研究了致密油的形成条件、分布特征及其控制因素。研究区致密油形成条件优越,烃源岩有机质丰度高、有机质类型为Ⅰ和Ⅱ型并且为低熟-成熟阶段;储层岩性复杂,甜点段平面连续性好,孔隙类型多样;广泛分布的烃源岩与储层频繁互层,烃源岩生成的油气直接进入相邻储层,有利于致密油的富集;芦草沟组超压广泛发育,是致密油运移的主要动力。致密油纵向上分布受优质烃源岩控制,全段均见油气显示,主要富集于优质烃源岩层附近的储层中;平面上受烃源岩有机质丰度、烃源岩厚度及储层厚度的综合控制,主要分布于烃源岩厚度大于200 m、TOC高于35%、储层厚度大于15 m的区域之内     

Ophiolites as Archives of Recycled Crustal Material Residing in the Deep Mantle

Deeply subducted lithospheric slabs may reach to the mantle transition zone(MTZ,410-660 km depth)or even to the core–mantle boundary(CMB)at depths of~2900km.Our knowledge of the fate of subducted surface material at the MTZ or near the CMB is poor and based mainly on the tomography data and laboratory experiments through indirect methods.Limited data come from the samples of deep mantle diamonds and their mineral inclusions obtained from kimberlites and associated rock assemblages in old cratons.We report in this presentation new data and observations from diamonds and other UHP minerals recovered from ophiolites that we consider as a new window into the life cycle of deeply subducted oceanic and continental crust.Ophiolites are fragments of ancient oceanic lithosphere tectonically accreted into continental margins,and many contain significant podiform chromitites.Our research team has investigated over the last 10 years ultrahigh-pressure and super-reducing mineral groups discovered in peridotites and/or chromitites of ophiolites around the world,including the Luobusa(Tibet),Ray-Iz(Polar Urals-Russia),and 12 other ophiolites from 8orogenic belts in 5 different countries(Albania,China,Myanmar,Russia,and Turkey).High-pressure minerals include diamond,coesite,pseudomorphic stishovite,qingsongite(BN)and Ca-Si perovskite,and the most important native and highly reduced minerals recovered to date include moissanite(Si C),Ni-Mn-Co alloys,Fe-Si and Fe-C phases.These mineral groups collectively confirm extremely high?pressures(300 km to≥660 km)and super-reducing conditions in their environment of formation in the mantle.All of the analyzed diamonds have unusually light carbon isotope compositions(δ13C=-28.7 to-18.3‰)and variable trace element contents that*d i stinguish them from most kimberlitic and UHPmetamorphic varieties.The presence of exsolution lamellae of diopside and coesite in some chromite grains suggests chromite crystallization depths around380 km,near the mantle transition zone.The carbon isotopes and other features of the high-pressure and super-reduced mineral groups point to previously subducted surface material as their source of origin.Recycling of subducted crust in the deep mantle may proceed in three stages:Stage 1–Carbon-bearing fluids and melts may have been formed in the MTZ,in the lower mantle or even near the CMB.Stage 2–Fluids or melts may rise along with deep plumes through the lower mantle and reach the MTZ.Some minerals,such as diamond,stishovite,qingsongite and Ca-silicate perovskite can precipitate from these fluids or melts in the lower mantle during their ascent.Material transported to the MTZ would be mixed with highly reduced and UHP phases,presumably derived from zones with extremely low f O2,as required for the formation of moissanite and other native elements.Stage 3–Continued ascent above the transition of peridotites containing chromite and ultrahigh-pressure minerals transports them to shallow mantle depths,where they participate in decompressional partial melting and oceanic lithosphere formation.The widespread occurrence of ophiolite-hosted diamonds and associated UHP mineral groups suggests that they may be a common feature of in-situ oceanic mantle.Because mid-ocean ridge spreading environments are plate boundaries widely distributed around the globe,and because the magmatic accretion of oceanic plates occurs mainly along these ridges,the on-land remnants of ancient oceanic lithosphere produced at former mid-ocean ridges provide an important window into the Earth’s recycling system and a great opportunity to probe the nature of deeply recycled crustal material residing in the deep mantle     

中国的伤齿龙类恐龙化石

伤齿龙类是手盗龙类中较为独特的一支, 时代从中侏罗世到晚白垩世, 主要分布于亚洲(东部和中部)以及北美地区。本文基于前人的研究成果, 结合新标本, 对中国伤齿龙类的系统分类、骨骼形态、骨组织、系统发育关系和古生物地理等方面进行了全面深入的评估与探讨。     

近30年刘家峡以下黄河上游河道湿地演变规律与驱动力分析

河道湿地是流域生态系统中,位于水陆交错地带,关联陆地生态系统和水生生态系统的桥梁和纽带,对蓄水滞洪、净化水质和水土保持,以下维持生物多样性和生态平衡起重要的作用。本文采用1986、1996、2000、2006和2015年5期Landsat遥感影像数据对刘家峡以下黄河上游湿地进行湿地解译提取,并利用空间统计分析法、转移矩阵法和质心位置变化法对刘家峡以下黄河上游河段河道湿地演变规律以及驱动力因素进行研究。结果表明,1986-2015年,黄河上游河道湿地面积从17.3万hm²逐渐减少到12.2万hm²,减少了29.0%。研究区土地利用类型的转移主要发生在河流、裸滩、草本湿地与耕地的相互转化上。过去30年嫩滩湿地的变化幅度远大于老滩湿地,嫩滩湿地面积从1986年的15.46万hm²减少到2015年的10.41万hm²,减少了32.7%,嫩滩湿地演变规律为天生湿地型之间的相互演变,即河流-裸滩-沼泽湿地。而老滩湿地面积基本处在稳定状态,面积范围在1.84~2.28万hm²之间,具有天然湿地-人工湿地与天然湿地-农业用地的演变规律特征。水渠湿地、坑塘湿地和森林湿地质心位置变化较为突出,由单一类型动态度分析可知,研究区自然湿地萎缩、城镇化加速、河流水面面积减少加快。以上分析结果与研究区气温、水利水电工程、灌溉用水、凌汛期冰情以及城镇化程度均有关,与降雨量无明确关系。     

VPN技术在新疆地磁台阵中的应用

介绍了新疆地磁台阵的测点分布、测点设备构成情况以及运用VPN技术将地磁台阵观测系统接入地震行业网、VPN网络建设等情况。在新疆地磁台阵中应用VPN技术,实现了地震行业网对地磁台阵设备的远程管理和数据交换,随时获取数据信息,并能够对地震前后观测信息短临变化进行快速跟踪。     

新疆柯坪块体3次M_S≥5地震强震动记录

2009年2~4月,柯坪块体先后发生了3次5级地震。新疆地震局布设在南天山西段数字强震动台网获取了这3次地震的主震加速度记录。文中对3次地震加速度记录进行了常规数据处理。按地震动三要素计算了地震烈度,并将计算的烈度与地震宏观考察烈度进行了比较。     

地震旋转效应教材:历史实例

地震旋转效应被观测到已有几个世纪。最初的旋转地震模型有两种,均由Mallet在19世纪中叶基于物体相对于其底部结构的旋转所定义。地震旋转效应能够完满地解释所观测到的地表旋转现象。本教材(大部分基于西方文献)中,我们将从历史角度简要介绍地震旋转效应。