Premières datations de feux holocènes dans les Monts de Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (Hérault,France), contribution à l'histoire de la forêt relique de Pinus nigra Arnold ssp Salzmanni (Dun.) Franco

The charcoal discovery in the soils and sediments of the relic forest of Pinus nigra ssp Salzmanni near Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert allows us to establish a chronology of Holocene fires. Their origin dates from the Middle Holocene, but they are especially significant after the construction of the medieval abbey during the 9th century. The original pine plantation was heterogeneous, with another pine, Pinus sylvestris, which has now been eradicated. Changes in the fire modes have been observed, recent human fires being generalized, which resulted in a significant regression of the forest cover, which was replaced by box-tree formations. To cite this article: J.-L. Vernet et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

乌梁素海野生芦苇光合和蒸腾特性研究

芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)是草型浅水湖泊最常见的湿地植物。本文选取生物量不同的两块样地对成熟期乌梁素海野生芦苇叶片光合和蒸腾速率进行测定。研究表明,(1)生物量较高样地的饱和净光合速率和光量子利用效率分别为27.46μmol·s-1·m-2和0.052,高于生物量较低样地的23.94μmol·s-1·m-2和0.041;(2)光合有效辐射是决定芦苇叶片瞬时光合速率的首要因素,而叶片的蒸腾速率主要取决于大气温度和光合有效辐射;(3)叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关关系。并且蒸腾速率和气孔导度的相关性更强;(4)芦苇的光合速率和蒸腾速率都高于附近的草原植物。     

Stress field in the earth's crust with curved boundaries

Summary A two-dimensional theory of gravitational stresses in the Earth's crust with curved boundaries is presented. The crust is modelled by an elastic plate lying on an elastic half-space. The solution obtained in the case of periodically varying boundaries is shown to be very sensitive to the ratio of both elastic parameters. Moreover, the geometrical configuration of both boundaries and their phase shift are of great importance for the resulting stress pattern.     

Fundamentals of gas containment in unlined rock caverns

Summary The criterion for gas entry into idealized, uniform, water-saturated fractures is examined for one-dimensional, elliptical and cylindrical cavern geometries. This limiting criterion is a necessary condition for gas escape from unlined, pressurized gas storages.Gas-entry phenomena were examined using 450-mm-square glass plates in Hele Shaw configuration with nominal apertures of 50 and 200 microns. The fundamentals of gas entry, as first enunciated by Åberg (1977), are confirmed by the experiments; the critical gas-entry pressure is a function of hydraulic flow regime, fracture-mouth capillarity and fracture-mouth profile. Finite-element simulation based on these fundamentals is substantiated by experimental observations and is therefore used for generalization.The gas-entry criterion is found to be sensitive to details of fracture geometry such as aperture, connection of the fractures to the groundwater regime, geometry of the intersection of the fractures with the gas cavern, disturbance of the rock mass as a consequence of excavation, and cavern shape. In view of the inability to predict or even measure these factors, an alternative criterion which ensures no gas migration away from the gas storage is proposed. This simple criterion insists that gas escape will not occur as long as the water pressure along all possible escape paths increases for some small distance in the direction of potential gas escape. This criterion is a generalization of Åberg's (1977) proposal that the vertical hydraulic gradient should exceed one for no gas escape.     

Ore lead isotope variations in the Proterozoic massive pyrite deposit at Näsliden,Skellefte district,Sweden

The ore lead isotope ratios from the Näsliden deposit are mantle-like in terms of the idealized plumbotectonics model. They suggest that the Näsliden deposit was formed in the Proterozoic equivalent of a Phanerozoic primitive island arc. The mantle-like nature of the lead and its homogeneity indicate that crustal lead does not constitute the major component of the ore lead. Crustal lead contamination is suggested to be the cause of divergences in ore lead isotopic compositions associated with later veins in the deposit.     

Deglaciation models from the Swedish West Coast

Deglaciation processes within different rock relief types are discussed. The lower parts of the fissure-valley landscape in western Sweden were covered by the late-glacial sea at deglaciation, while the rock plateaux between the valleys formed an arctic archipelago. The glacial movements, deposition activity and recession were intimately dependent on the variations of the topography and on the buoyancy of the seawater in the valleys. The opinion that a piedmont glaciation existed in eastern Halland during the deglaciation stage has been corroborated concerning areas above the marine limit. In the valleys below this limit the ice margin, however, was straight or slightly concave. The western part of the South Swedish Highland, situated high above the marine limit, is characterized by a zonal deglaciation; zone by zone of the ice margin was detached from the actively moving ice and became immobile. Subglacially formed eskers appear together with glaciofluvial deltas which formed extramarginally in ice-dammed lakes. The moraine forms are often dominated by 1–2 km long drumlins with rock cores. Where the ice diverged over a convex bedrock basement, Rogen-like moraine ridges, radial as well as transverse, were formed during the deglaciation stage when the ice was stagnating.     

单轴压缩过程中花岗岩声学特性的研究

本文研究了单轴压缩过程中不同风化程度花岗岩的超声波谱参数(包括纵、横波速度、波幅、振幅谱密度函数、振幅谱相对平均频率比、波形、动杨氏模量和动泊松比等)的变化规律及其与力学特性的关系。