全文获取类型
收费全文 | 312篇 |
免费 | 10篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 3篇 |
大气科学 | 10篇 |
地球物理 | 71篇 |
地质学 | 152篇 |
海洋学 | 35篇 |
天文学 | 26篇 |
自然地理 | 30篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 4篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 12篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 5篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 13篇 |
2013年 | 17篇 |
2012年 | 27篇 |
2011年 | 21篇 |
2010年 | 16篇 |
2009年 | 20篇 |
2008年 | 20篇 |
2007年 | 19篇 |
2006年 | 9篇 |
2005年 | 6篇 |
2004年 | 14篇 |
2003年 | 9篇 |
2002年 | 10篇 |
2001年 | 5篇 |
2000年 | 4篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1960年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 1篇 |
1950年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有327条查询结果,搜索用时 781 毫秒
311.
Sarah E. M. Gain Yoann Grau Hadrien Henry Elena Belousova Ivars Dainis William L. Griffin Suzanne Y. O'Reilly 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2019,43(3):339-354
Zircon megacrysts from the Mud Tank carbonatite, Australia, are being used in many laboratories as a reference material for LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb dating and trace element measurement, and LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS determination of Hf isotopes. We summarise a database of > 10000 analyses of Mud Tank zircon (MTZ), collected from 2000 to 2018 during its use as a secondary reference material for simultaneous U‐Pb and trace element analysis, and for Hf‐isotope analysis. Trace element mass fractions are highest in dark red‐brown stones and lowest in colourless and gem‐quality ones. Individual unzoned grains can be chemically homogeneous, while significant variations in trace element mass fraction are associated with oscillatory zoning. Chondrite‐normalised trace element patterns are essentially parallel over large mass fraction ranges. A Concordia age of 731.0 ± 0.2 Ma (2s, n = 2272) is taken as the age of crystallisation. Some grains show lower concordant to mildly discordant ages, probably reflecting minor Pb loss associated with cooling and the Alice Springs Orogeny (450–300 Ma). Our weighted mean 176Hf/177Hf is 0.282523 ± 10 (2s, n = 9350); the uncertainties on this ratio reflect some heterogeneity, mainly between grains. A few analyses suggest that colourless grains have generally lower 176Hf/177Hf. MTZ is a useful secondary reference material for U‐Pb and Hf‐isotope analysis, but individual grains need to be carefully selected using CL imaging and tested for homogeneity, and ideally should be standardised by solution analysis. 相似文献
312.
Here, we use observations of active flows along with detailed morphometric field measurements of more than 70 tumuli on flows
at Mount Etna (Italy), Kilauea, and Hualalai (US) volcanoes to constrain a previously published model that estimates the pressure
needed to form tumuli. In an attempt to discover the nature and magnitude of pressure variations within active lava flow interiors,
we then consider how tumuli differ from idealized circular plates. We incorporate observations of active tumuli and find that
they may grow asymmetrically yet produce a symmetrical tumulus and can form where the flow path significantly changes direction.
Bending models of clamped edges provide the most reasonable head estimates for the tumuli in our study. Tumulus formation
requires the proper combination of cooling and effusion rate. If cooling is too extensive and effusion rate too low, the crust
will provide too much resistance to bending. If cooling is too limited and effusion rates too high, crusts will not develop
or have insufficient strength to resist fracture and subsequent breakouts. We do not find it surprising that tumuli are rarely
found over well-established lava tubes that typically have rigid, walls/overlying crusts that exceed 2 m in thickness and
provide too much resistance to bending. Silicic flows lack tumuli because the viscosity gradients within the flow are insufficient
to concentrate stress in a localized area. 相似文献
313.
Naomi Greenwood Rodney M. Forster Veronique Créach Suzanne J. Painting Anna Dennis Stewart J. Cutchey Tiago Silva David B. Sivyer Tim Jickells 《Ocean Dynamics》2012,62(2):307-320
The seasonal and interannual variability in the phytoplankton community in Liverpool Bay between 2003 and 2009 has been examined
using results from high frequency, in situ measurements combined with discrete samples collected at one location in the bay.
The spring phytoplankton bloom (up to 29.4 mg chlorophyll m−3) is an annual feature at the study site and its timing may vary by up to 50 days between years. The variability in the underwater
light climate and turbulent mixing are identified as key factors controlling the timing of phytoplankton blooms. Modelled
average annual gross and net production are estimated to be 223 and 56 g C m−2 year−1, respectively. Light microscope counts showed that the phytoplankton community is dominated by diatoms, with dinoflagellates
appearing annually for short periods of time between July and October. The zooplankton community at the study site is dominated
by copepods and use of a fine mesh (80 μm) resulted in higher abundances of copepods determined (up to 2.5 × 106 ind. m−2) than has previously reported for this location. There is a strong seasonal cycle in copepod biomass and copepods greater
than 270 μm contribute less than 10% of the total biomass. Seasonal trends in copepod biomass lag those in the phytoplankton
community with a delay of 3 to 4 months between the maximum phytoplankton biomass and the maximum copepod biomass. Grazing
by copepods exceeds net primary production at the site and indicates that an additional advective supply of carbon is required
to support the copepod community. 相似文献
314.
Nereid is a small irregular moon of Neptune that displays large-, moderate-, and small-amplitude photometric variations on both fast and slow time scales. The central mystery of Nereid is now to explain the physical mechanism of these unique brightness changes and why they change with time. To characterize Nereid's variability, we have been using the SMARTS telescopes on Cerro Tololo for synoptic monitoring from 1999 to 2006. We present a well-sampled photometric time series of 493 magnitudes on 246 nights mostly in the V-band. In combination with our earlier data (for 774 magnitudes over 362 nights), our 20-year data set is the most comprehensive for any small icy body in our Solar System. Our yearly light curves show that Nereid displays various types of behaviors: large amplitude brightenings and fadings (1987 to 1990); moderate-amplitude variation about the average phase curve (1993-1997, 2003, 2005), moderate-amplitude variation and systematically brighter by roughly one-quarter magnitude throughout the entire season (2004); and nearly constant light curves superimposed on a surprisingly large-amplitude opposition surge (1998, 1999, 2000, 2006). Other than in 2004, Nereid's variations were closely centered around a constant phase curve that is well fit with a Hapke model for the coherent backscattering opposition surge mechanism with angular scale of 0.7°±0.1°. In our entire data set from 1987-2006, we find no significant periodicity. We propose that the year-to-year changes in the variability of Nereid are caused by forced precession (caused by tidal forces from Neptune) on the spin axis of a nonspherical Nereid, such that cross-sectional areas and average albedos change as viewed from Earth. 相似文献
315.
Adam A. Miller Jonathan Irwin Suzanne Aigrain Simon Hodgkin Leslie Hebb 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,387(1):349-363
We present the results of a systematic search for transiting planets in a ∼5 Myr open cluster, NGC 2362. We observed ∼1200 candidate cluster members, of which ∼475 are believed to be genuine cluster members, for a total of ∼100 h. We identify 15 light curves with reductions in flux that pass all our detection criteria, and six of the candidates have occultation depths compatible with a planetary companion. The variability in these six light curves would require very large planets to reproduce the observed transit depth. If we assume that none of our candidates are, in fact, planets then we can place upper limits on the fraction of stars with hot Jupiters (HJs) in NGC 2362. We obtain 99 per cent confidence upper limits of 0.22 and 0.70 on the fraction of stars with HJs ( f p ) for 1–3 and 3–10 d orbits, respectively, assuming all HJs have a planetary radius of 1.5 R Jup . These upper limits represent observational constraints on the number of stars with HJs at an age ≲10 Myr, when the vast majority of stars are thought to have lost their protoplanetary discs. Finally, we extend our results to the entire Monitor project, a survey searching young, open clusters for planetary transits, and find that the survey as currently designed should be capable of placing upper limits on f p near the observed values of f p in the solar neighbourhood. 相似文献
316.
Large asymmetric bedforms known as dunes commonly dominate the bed of sand rivers. Due to the turbulence generation over their stoss and lee sides, dunes are of central importance in predicting hydraulic roughness and water levels. During floods in steep alluvial rivers, dunes are observed to grow rapidly as flow strength increases, undergoing an unstable transition regime, after which they are washed out in what is called upper stage plane bed. This transition of dunes to upper stage plane bed is associated with high transport of bed sediment in suspension and large decrease in bedform roughness. In the present study, we aim to improve the prediction of dune development and dune transition to upper stage plane bed by introducing the transport of suspended sediment in an existing dune evolution model. In addition, flume experiments are carried out to investigate dune development under bed load and suspended load dominated transport regimes, and to get insight in the time scales related to the transition of dunes to upper stage plane bed. Simulations with the extended model including the transport of suspended sediment show significant improvement in the prediction of equilibrium dune parameters (e.g. dune height, dune length, dune steepness, dune migration rate, dune lee side slope) both under bed load dominant and suspended load dominant transport regimes. The chosen modeling approach also allows us to model the transition of dunes to upper stage plane bed which was not possible with the original dune evolution model. The extended model predicts change in the dune shapes as was observed in the flume experiments with decreasing dune heights and dune lee slopes. Furthermore, the time scale of dune transition to upper stage plane bed was quite well predicted by the extended model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
317.
Andries J. Paarlberg C. Marjolein Dohmen‐Janssen Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher Paul Termes Ralph Schielen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(15):1854-1866
This paper presents an approach to incorporate time‐dependent dune evolution in the determination of bed roughness coefficients applied in hydraulic models. Dune roughness is calculated by using the process‐based dune evolution model of Paarlberg et al. ( 2009 ) and the empirical dune roughness predictor of Van Rijn ( 1984 ). The approach is illustrated by applying it to a river of simple geometry in the 1‐D hydraulic model SOBEK for two different flood wave shapes. Calculated dune heights clearly show a dependency on rate of change in discharge with time: dunes grow to larger heights for a flood wave with a smaller rate of change. Bed roughness coefficients computed using the new approach can be up to 10% higher than roughness coefficients based on calibration, with the largest differences at low flows. As a result of this larger bed roughness, computed water depths can be up to 15% larger at low flow. The new approach helps to reduce uncertainties in bed roughness coefficients of flow models, especially for river systems with strong variations in discharge with time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
318.
Geochemical data are presented for primitive alkaline rocks from the Kutch region, north–northwest of Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) of west central India, which is generally regarded as related to the Reunion Plume. The trace element systematics of these rocks are similar to those of ocean-island basalts, but there is considerable compositional variation, which is related to a strong overprint from the lithosphere on plume-derived magmas. This subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) component has geochemical characteristics that overlap those observed in spinel lherzolite xenoliths entrained in these rocks. Phlogopite and apatite in the SCLM are of metasomatic origin attributed to the infiltrating fluids and/or melts derived from rising mantle plume material. The composition of the alkaline rocks is consistent with a regional upwelling of deep mantle related to marginal rifting and with OIB-type geochemical characteristics. Thermal inhomogeneities within such plume swath resulted in small diapirs, which may have undergone melt segregation at the base of the lithosphere (100 km) and incorporated varying amounts of SCLM during ascent. 相似文献
319.
Esturies throughout much of the South Atlantic Bight (southeastern U.S.) have been considered to be relatively pristine, but
are now experiencing elevated concentrations of both organic and inorganic nutrients. As is true in many parts of the world,
this eutrophication is correlated with coastal population growth. These estuaries have been assumed to be immune from extended
hypoxia, in large part because they are well mixed and do not generally exhibit the water column stratification that is traditionally
associated with low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. data presented here show long-term (19 yr) decreases in dissolved
oxygen in surface waters of the Skidaway estuary, a pattern that is occurring throughout coastal Georgia. More limited data
from bottom waters exhibit the same trend. The decreases in dissolved oxygen occurred at the same time as observed increases
in inorganic and organic nutrients and in bacteria concentrations, implying an increase in heterotrophic activity. These observations
suggest that traditional paradigms long applied to stratified estuaries, wherein the cycle that leads to hypoxia is initiated
by the uptake of inorganic nutrients by autotrophs that are then decomposed below the pycnocline, may need revision for well-mixed
estuaries. Heterotrophic community metabolism, stimulated by anthropogenic loading of organic and inorganic nutrients, can
overwhelm even vigorous vertical mixing and horizontal exchange to gradually cause declining oxygen concentrations and eventually
hypoxia. 相似文献
320.
The distribution and abundance of motile cells of the toxic dinoflagellateGonyaulax tamarensis Lebour were monitored in estuarine waters of Long Island, a region with no previous history of shellfish toxicity. The population distribution was patchy, with the species detected in 40% of 115 estuaries examined during the spring bloom season. More detailed studies in four estuaries indicated that the dinoflagellate was most abundant in the headwater regions, with concentrations falling to undetectable levels at the mouths.G. tamarensis cell concentrations did not exceed 105 cells per 1 and often remained an order of magnitude lower. In several instances, population growth and accumulation ceased under seemingly favorable environmental and nutritional conditions. 相似文献