Diffusion behaviour of low-energy helium ions implanted in aluminum

Aluminum foils were bombarded at room temperature with⁴He⁺ ions in the energy range between 1 and 5 keV. The irradiation dose varied from 10¹² cm^?2 to 10¹⁴cm^?2, well below saturation levels. The release pattern was observed in a stepwise heating experiment. The diffusion behaviour is strongly dose dependent, higher doses resulting in a shift of the release pattern to higher temperatures. For a constant dose a well-defined energy dependence of the gas release exists, which can be used to deduce the ion energy.     

Wärmehaushalt und Advektion

Zusammenfassung Der Feststellung, daß in der Energiebilanz einer horizontalen Oberfläche keine advektiven Glieder auftreten können, scheint auf den ersten Blick die Angabe von Advektionsgliedern in einigen Arbeiten zu widersprechen. Es zeigt sich aber, daß es sich dabei entweder um die Energiebilanz eines Volumens handelt, wobei die Glieder der Vergleichbarkeit wegen auf die Bodenoberfläche bezogen sind, oder daß Meß- bzw. Überlegungsfehler vorliegen.Advektive Wärmeströme können nur bei einem Volumen eine Rolle spielen. Die Betrachtung der Energiebilanz eines festen Volumens ergibt dann, daß auch bei stationären Verhältnissen der Wärmestrom von der Luft zum Boden im allgemeinen nicht gleich dem vertikalen Austauschwärmestrom oberhalb der Bodenoberfläche ist. Vielmehr treten vier weitere Wärmeströme hinzu, die als Durchflußwärmestrom, vertikaler Mitführungswärmestrom, advektiver Mitführungswärmestrom und advektiver Austauschwärmestrom bezeichnet werden. Ihr Anteil am Wärmestrom von der Luft zum Boden hängt nicht nur von den meteorologischen Verhältnissen, sondern auch von der Höhenlage der Zählfläche ab, für die der Austauschwärmestrom bestimmt wird. Ihre Abschätzung an Hand einfacher, plausibler Annahmen zeigt, daß sie im allgemeinen nicht vernachlässigt werden dürfen. Eine hinreichende Bedingung für ihr Verschwinden ist die Annahme, daß im zeitlichen Mittel alle Parameter in gleicher Höhe den gleichen Wert haben. Auch für instationäre Verhältnisse und den Wärmetransport in einem inhomogenen Medium läßt sich die Energiebilanz aufstellen, was aber bei Änderungen der im Volumen enthaltenen Masse an Beimengung nicht mehr willkürfrei möglich ist.

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Summary The statement that no advective terms occur in the energy balance of a horizontal surface seems at first sight to be in contradiction to the quotation of advective terms in some publications. It proves, however, that in that case it is a question of energy balance of a volume, where for comparability the terms are related to the ground surface, or that it is due to errors of measurement or consideration. Advective heat fluxes are merely of importance with three-dimensional problems. The study of the energy balance of a solid volume shows that the heat flux from the air to the ground is generally not equal to the vertical exchange heat flux above the ground surface, even with stationary conditions. Four further heat fluxes supervene which may be designated as passing heat flux, vertical convection heat flux, advective convection heat flux and advective exchange heat flux. Their share of heat flux from the air to the ground depends not only on the meteorological conditions but also on the altitude of the reference surface for which the exchange heat flux is determined. Its estimation by simple, plausible assumptions shows that in general they should not be neglected. A sufficient condition for their disappearance is the assumption that all parameters at the same level have the same temporal mean value. The energy balance can be set up also for unstationary conditions and for the heat transport in an inhomogeneous medium. In the case where the mass of admixtures contained in the volume undergoes changes the energy balance cannot be established without arbitrary assumptions.

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Résumé Le fait que dans le bilan énergétique d'une surface horizontale il ne peut y avoir de terme advectif semble à première vue contredire certains travaux qui en ont fait état. Mais il s'avère qu'il s'agit soit du bilan énergétique d'une volume, soit d'une erreur de mesure ou de raisonnement.Des courants advectifs de chaleur ne peuvent jouer de rôle que dans le cas d'un volume. Considérant le bilan énergétique d'un volume fixe, on voit que même dans l'état stationnaire le flux de chaleur dirigé de l'air vers le sol n'est pas égal en général au courant vertical d'échange turbulent au-dessus du sol; bien plus, il existe en réalité quatre autres flux (à savoir le flux de chaleur traversant, le flux vertical de chaleur convective, le flux de chaleur advective et le flux d'échange de chaleur advective) dont l'apport au flux de chaleur air/sol ne dépend pas seulement des conditions météorologiques, mais aussi de l'altitude de la surface choisie pour le calcul. L'estimation de ces flux, faite sur la base d'hypothèses simples et plausibles, montre qu'on ne peut pas en général les négliger. Ils ne peuvent disparaître que si en moyenne, dans un temps donné, tous les paramètres sont égaux, à la même altitude. Dans le cas d'états non stationnaires et de milieu non homogène, on peut dresser le bilan énergétique, ce qui n'est plus possible sans arbitraire lorsque la masse d'éléments adjonctifs du volume se modifie.

     

Elektrische Fernmessung der Luft- und Bodentemperatur in einem Bergwald

Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer forstmeteorologisch ausgerichteten klimatologischen Standortsuntersuchung wurden an einer Schneise am Westhang des Großen Falkensteins (Bayerischer Wald) Messungen der Luft- und Bodentemperaturen durchgeführt. Längs der etwa 3 km lange Meßstrecke, die einen Höhenunterschied von etwa 700 m erfaßte, waren an sechs Stellen jeweils im Boden (10 cm), im Stammraum (3 m), im unteren Kronenraum (20 m) und über den Wipfeln (45 m) Thermistore angebracht, deren Widerstand zentral mit Hilfe einer Brücke und einer Wähleinrichtung abgelesen wurde. Von den Ergebnissen im Sommer 1955 werden charakteristische Werte des Tagesganges, der Tagesschwankung, des Streubereichs und der Tagesmittel der Luft- und Bodentemperaturen mitgeteilt, die die Auswirkungen des Bestandes auf das Mikroklima kennzeichnen. Der Einfluß der Höhenlage auf die Temperaturschichtung im Bestand und die Dynamik des Hangluftkörpers werden besprochen. Abschließend werden die Thermistormessungen im Wald mit den Ergebnissen der Registrierungen in Klimahütten längs der Schneise vergleichen.

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Summary In the course of a forestry-climatological investigation measurements of air and soil temperature have been made in and near a deforested line at the western slope of the Grosser Falkenstein (Bavarian Forest). Along a stretch of 3 km, comprising a difference of height of about 700 m one has fixed at 6 places thermistores in the soil (10 cm), in the trunk region (3 m), in the lower top region (20 m) and above the tops of the trees (45 m); the resistance of the different thermistores was measured from one spot by means of a bridge and a selective device. Of the results of summer 1955 characteristic figures of the daily variation and amplitude, of the dispersion and daily means of air and soil temperatures, characterizing the effects of the forest on the microclimate, are communicated. The influence of altitude on the stratification of temperature in the forest and the dynamics of the air mass along the slope are discussed. Finally the thermistore measurements inside the forest are compared with the results of the records in thermometer screens along the deforested line.

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Résumé Au cours d'une étude climatologique forestière faite au bord d'une laie sur le versant ouest du Grand Falkenstein dans la Forêt de Bavière, on a procédé à des mesures de la température de l'air et du sol. Sur une longueur de 3 km environ, comprenant une dénivellation d'à peu près 700 m, on a fixé en 6 points de la pente des thermistores dans le sol (à 10 cm), dans la région des troncs (à 3 m), dans celle des houppes (à 20 m) et au-dessus des cimes des arbres (à 45 m); la résistance des différents thermistores a été mesurée depuis un seul point à l'aide d'un pont et d'un dispositif sélecteur. Des résultats de l'été 1955, on a représenté dans ce travail des valeurs caractéristiques des moyennes journalières, de la variation et de l'amplitude diurne ainsi que de la dispersion de la température du sol et de l'air, qui donnent un aperçu de l'influence de l'association forestière sur le micro-climat. On discute aussi l'influence de l'altitude sur la stratification de la température dans la forêt ainsi que la dynamique de la masse d'air du versant. Pour terminer, on compare les valeurs des mesures faites au milieu des arbres à l'aide des thermistores avec les enregistrements obtenus dans des abris météorologiques placés le long de la laie.

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Mit 11 Textabbildungen     

Methods of metal release assessment in soil water at anoxic sites

Metal mobility at contaminated sites can be assessed by soil water investigations or by leaching tests. Leaching tests are usually carried out in open contact with the atmosphere disregarding possible changes of redox conditions. This can affect the original metal speciation and distribution, particularly when anoxic samples are investigated. In this study, the applicability of common leaching tests (the German S4 test (S4), ammonium nitrate extraction (AmmN), and saturation soil extraction (SSE)) is tested for the assessment of zinc release from sulfide‐bearing flotation residues of a former ore mine. Results are compared to soil solution samples obtained by centrifugation and suction cups. The influence of sample storage on S4 leaching test results is investigated in a long‐term study to assess oxidation kinetics. Within the first 200 days the release of zinc increases with a slope of 0.1 mmol kg^–1 d^–1 or 6.0 mg kg^–1 d^–1, respectively. Since oxidation of the sulfide‐bearing samples leads to a significant overestimation of metal release, a feasible modification for the conduction of leaching tests for anoxic material is proposed where oxidation is prevented efficiently. The modified SSE is found to be the only of the tested leaching procedures, which can be recommended for the assessment of current soil water concentrations at anoxic sites if direct investigation of the soil water is impossible due to technical reasons.     

Neotectonic Crustal Uplift on the Continents and its Possible Mechanisms. The Case of Southern Africa

According to a large volume of data an intensive crustal uplift began in the Oligocene over most of the continental areas after a long period of relative tectonic stability. This Neotectonic uplift formed most of the present positive topographic features on the continents, and its strong acceleration took place during the last several million years. In many regions the uplift was associated with magmatism. The main methods of studying the Neotectonic uplift are considered together with the data on the uplift of Southern Africa. In this area the uplift took place in the Early Miocene (up to 300 m) and in the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene (up to 900 m). It occurred without stretching or shortening of the crust. Rapid erosion of the lower part of mantle lithosphere by a plume material is proposed as a mechanism of the uplift. This material ascended from below and rapidly spread along the base of the lithosphere. Its spreading for 1000 km during a few million years is possible only under a low viscosity of normal asthenosphere (1019 Pa s) and a much lower viscosity of a plume material (2 × 1016 Pa s). As in Southern Africa, in most of the regions the Neotectonic uplift was associated with insignificant shortening or stretching of the crust. This indicates that in some regions a plume material ascended from below and rapidly spread along the base of the lithosphere and eroded the mantle lithosphere in vast areas beneath the continents. In regions with a hot asthenosphere a strong weakening of the mantle lithosphere which allows its erosion can be associated with a high temperature of the plume material. In regions where the asthenosphere is at moderate temperature weakening of the mantle lithosphere can result from infiltration of volatiles from the plume material.     

Petrogenesis of the magmatic complex at Mount Ascutney,Vermont, USA

The Ascutney Mountain complex of eastern Vermont, USA, is a composite epizonal pluton of genetically related gabbro to granite intrusives. Nd isotopic data are reported for mafic rocks, granites, and nearby country rock. The parental mafic magma producing the complex 122 m.y. ago had ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7039, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd=0.512678 ( _Nd=+3.8) and ¹⁸O=6.1, indicating a mantle source with time-integrated lithophile element depletion. Uniform initial radiogenic isotope ratios for granites, which are undistinguishable from those for the most primitive gabbro, suggest that the granite magma evolved from the mafic magma without crustal contamination and that the increase in ¹⁸O, to about 7.8, is the result of fractional crystallization. Mafic rocks show a large range in initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio, from about 0.51267 to 0.51236 ( _Nd= +3.7 to –2.5), which is correlated with elevated ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and ¹⁸O. These data substantiate the production of mafic lithologies by fractional crystallization of the parental magma accompanied by assimilation of up to about 50% crust. The local country rocks include gneiss and schist and assimilation involved representatives of both rock types. The isotopic and chemical relationships preclude derivation from a single batch of magma undergoing contamination and indicate that a large magma body at depth evolved largely by fractionation with batches of melt issued from this chamber being variably contaminated at higher levels or at the level of emplacement.The Precambrian gneisses of the Chester dome and overlying lower Paleozoic schists have essentially identical Nd isotope systematics which suggest a crustal formation age of about 1.6. b.y. The parental sediments for the schists were apparently derived from a protolith similar to the gneissic basement without appreciable Sm/Nd fractionation.     

Case studies on the origin of basalt: III. Petrogenesis of the Mauna Ulu eruption,Kilauea, 1969–1971

During the Mauna Ulu flank eruption on Kilauea, Hawaii, the concentrations in the lavas of the minor elements K, P, Na and Ti, and the incompatible trace elements (analyzed by isotope dilution) K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Sr, and the REE (except Yb) decreased monotonically and linearly with the time (or date) of the eruption. At the same time, the concentrations of the major elements and of Yb, and the ratios of K/Rb, K/Cs, Ba/Rb, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd remained constant. Most of the scatter in the raw concentration data is removed by a simple correction for olivine (plus chromite) fractionation previously established by Wright et al. (1975). These results are explained by simple equilibrium partial melting of a uniform source. The degree of melting increased by about 20% of the initial value during the course of the eruption. The trace element data are inverted by the method originated by Minster and Allègre (1978) and simplified by Hofmann and Feigenson (1983). The source has the following element (or isotope) ratios: K/Rb=501±7, Ba/Rb=14.0±0.5, Rb/Cs=95±7, Rb/Sr=0.0193 (+0.0045, –0.0090), (Ce/Ba)_CN= 1.1±0.1, (Sr/Ba)_CN=1.19 (+0.30, –0.19), ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.703521±0.000016, and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd=0.512966±0.000008. The REE pattern of the source has a nearly flat or slightly negative slope (=relative LREE enrichment) between Ce and Dy and a strongly positive slope between Dy and Yb. However, this relative HREE enrichment is poorly constrained by the analytical data, is highly model dependent and may not be a true source feature. The Yb concentration in the source is particularly poorly constrained because it is essentially constant in the melts. On the other hand, this special feature demonstrates that Yb must be buffered by a mineral phase with a high partition coefficient for Yb, namely garnet. The calculated clinopyroxene/garnet ratio in the source is roughly equal to one. In contrast, the source of Kohala volcano had previously been found to contain little or no garnet.     

Evaporation causes flare-related radio burst continuum depressions

We study the active region NOAA 6718 and the development of a (2N, M3.6) flare in radio and H. Due to our knowledge of the magnetic field structure in the active region we are able to associate the different radio flare burst components with the stages in the H flare evolution. A discussion of the data in terms of chromospheric flare kernel heating reveals that in the present case the observed flare-related radio burst continuum switch-off is caused by the penetration of hot, ablated gas into the coronal radio source.     

Relationship between electric currents,photospheric motions,chromospheric activity,and magnetic field topology

Through coordinated observations made during the Max'91 campaign in June 1989 in Potsdam (magnetograms), Debrecen (white light and H), and Meudon (MSDP), we follow the evolution of the sunspot group in active region NOAA 5555 for 6 days. The topology of the coronal magnetic field is investigated by using a method based on the concept of separatrices - applied previously (Mandriniet al., 1991) to a magnetic region slightly distorted by field-aligned currents. The present active region differs by having significant magnetic shear. We find that the H flare kernels and the main photospheric electric current cells are located close to the intersection of the separatrices with the chromosphere, in a linear force-free field configuration adapted to the observed shear. Sunspot motions, strong currents, isolated polarities, or intersecting separatrices are not in themselves sufficient to produce a flare. A combination of them all is required. This supports the idea that flares are due to magnetic reconnection, when flux tubes with field-aligned currents move towards the separatrix locations.