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21.
Propagation of convective systems in the meridional direction during boreal summer is responsible for active and break phases of monsoon over south Asia. This region is unique in the world in its characteristics of monsoon variability and is in close proximity of mountains like the Himalayas. Here, using an atmospheric general circulation model, we try to understand the role of orography in determining spatial and temporal scales of these convective systems. Absence of orography (noGlOrog) decreased the simulated seasonal mean precipitation over India by 23 % due to delay in onset by about a month vis-a-vis the full-mountain case. In noGlOrog, poleward propagations were absent during the delayed period prior to onset. Post-onset, both simulations had similar patterns of poleward propagations. The spatial and temporal scales of propagating clouds bands were determined using wavelet analysis. These scales were found to be different in full-mountain and no-mountain experiments in June–July. However, after the onset of monsoon in noGlOrog, these scales become similar to that with orography. Simulations with two different sets of convection schemes confirmed this result. Further analysis shows that the absence (presence) of meridional propagations during early (late) phase of summer monsoon in noGlOrog was associated with weaker (stronger) vertical shear of zonal wind over south Asia. Our study shows that orography plays a major role in determining the time of onset over the Indian region. However, after onset, basic characteristics of propagating convective systems and therefore the monthly precipitation over India, are less sensitive to the presence of orography and are modulated by moist convective processes. 相似文献
22.
Supriyo Kumar Das Joyanto Routh Alakendra N. Roychoudhury J. Val Klump 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,39(3):349-360
We used elemental carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and hydrogen ratios (C/N, N/P and H/C) with total organic carbon (TOC) and
total phosphorus (TP) as well as stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) to investigate the source and depositional conditions of organic matter in sediments from Zeekoevlei, the largest freshwater
lake in South Africa. Typical C/N (10–12), H/C ratios (≥1.7) and δ13Corganic values (−22 to −19‰) together with the increase in TOC concentration indicate elevated primary productivity in lower middle
(18–22 cm) and top (0–8 cm) sections of the sediment cores. Seepage of nutrients from a nearby waste water treatment plant,
rapid urbanization and heavily fertilized farming in the catchments are responsible for the increased productivity. Consistent
with this, measured δ15Norganic values (∼11‰) indicate increased raw sewage input towards the top-section of the core. Although cyanobacterial blooms are
evident from the low δ15N values (∼3‰) in mid-section of the core, they did not outnumber the phytoplankton population. Low N/P ratio (∼0) and high
TP (100–2,200 mg l−1) support cyanobacterial growth under N limited condition, and insignificant input of macrophytes towards the organic matter
pool. Dredging in 1983, caused sub-aerial exposure of the suspended and surface sediments, and affected organic matter preservation
in the upper mid-section (12–14 cm) of the core. 相似文献
23.
Mousumi Banerjee Jyotisankar Ray Nupur Adhikary Sandip Nandy C. Manikyamba Madhuparna Paul Dola Chakraborty Alireza Eslami 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2016,88(2):245-255
Malangtoli volcanics of the Singhbhum craton of the eastern Indian shield is one of the important Proterozoic lava suites. Experimental studies on 1 atmosphere pressure constrain the parental magma type and temperature range of crystallization of the parent magma (deduced to be in the range of 1500°C to 1200°C). The experimental studies show that at 1500°C, plagioclase is the first phase to crystallize, followed by few opaques which join along with plagioclase at 1450°C. At subsequent lower temperature (1400°C-1300°C), plagioclase and opaque continue to crystallize. At 1250°C plagioclase and opaque still persist while pyroxene appears first and liquid (glass) still remains. Appearance of opaque minerals (magnetite and illmenite) at both ~1400°C and ~1300°C indicate oscillation of oxygen fugacity in the parent magma, petrographically documented by coarser phenocrysts as well as finer or peripheral tiny grains. Use of tectonic discrimination diagrams (based on discrimination factors F1-F2 and FeOt/MgO vs. TiO2) shows an island arc tholeiitic affinity for Malangtoli volcanic, suggests that the role of proto-plate convergence in Singhbhum architecture played an important role to build up Malangtoli volcanics during Proterozoic. 相似文献
24.
Two independent analytical methods (sequential extraction and kinetic extraction methods) were applied in order to understand the distribution and speciation of La in the coastal and estuarine sediments from the central east coast of India. Sequential extraction study revealed that La was primarily present as inert complexes (~ 50–60% of the total La) in all the sediments. Amounts of ~ 20–30% of the total La in all the sediments were found to associate with the total organic carbon (TOC) in the sediments. The dissociation rate constants of La–sediment complexes obtained from kinetic extraction studies revealed that the concentration of thermodynamically weak complexes of La gradually increased with the increasing La/TOC ratio in the sediments. 相似文献
25.
Jibamitra Ganguly Weiji Cheng Sumit Chakraborty 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,131(2-3):171-180
Diffusion couples made from homogeneous gem quality natural pyrope and almandine garnets were annealed within graphite capsules
under anhydrous conditions at 22–40 kbar, 1057–1400 °C in a piston-cylinder apparatus. The concentration profiles that developed
in each couple were modeled to retrieve the self diffusion coefficients [D(I)] of the divalent cations Fe, Mg, Mn and Ca.
Because of their usually low concentrations and lack of sufficient compositional change across the interface of the diffusion
couples, only a few reliable data can be obtained for D(Ca) and D(Mn) from these experiments. However, nine sets of D(Fe)
and D(Mg) data were retrieved in the above P-T range, and cast in the form of Arrhenian relation, D=D
0exp{−[Q(1 bar)+PΔV
+]/RT}. The values of the activation energy (Q) and activation volume (ΔV
+) depend on whether f
O2 is constrained by graphite in the system C-O or held constant. For the first case, we have for Fe:Q(1 bar)=65,532±10,111 cal/mol, D
0=3.50 (±2.30)×10−5 cm2/s, ΔV
+=5.6(±2.9) cm3/mol, and for Mg:Q(1 bar)=60,760±8,257 cal/mol, D
0=4.66 (±2.48)×10−5 cm2/s, ΔV
+=5.3(±3.0) cm3/mol. Here the ΔV
+ values have been taken from Chakraborty and Ganguly (1992). For the condition of constant f
O2, the Q values are ∼9 kcal lower and ΔV
+ values are ∼4.9 cm3/mol larger than the above values. Lower temperature extrapolation of the Arrhenian relation for D(Mg) is in good agreement
with the Mg tracer diffusion data (D
*
Mg) of Chakraborty and Rubie (1996) and Cygan and Lasaga (1985) at 1 bar, 750–900 °C, when all data are normalized to the same
pressure and to f
O2 defined by graphite in the system C-O. The D
*
Mg data of Schwandt et al. (1995), on the other hand, are lower by more than an order of magnitude than the low temperature
extrapolation of the present data, when all data are normalized to the same pressure and to f
O2 defined by the graphite buffer. Comparison of the D(Fe), D(Mg) and D(Mn) data in the pyrope-almandine diffusion couple with
those in the spessartine-almandine diffusion couple of Chakraborty and Ganguly (1992) shows that the self diffusion of Fe
and Mn are significantly enhanced with the increase in Mn/Mg ratio; the enhancement effect on D(Mg) is, however, relatively
small. Proper application of the self diffusion data to calculate interdiffusion coefficient or D matrix elements for the purpose of modeling of diffusion processes in natural garnets must take into account these compositional
effects on D(I) along with the effects of thermodynamic nonideality, f
O2, and pressure.
Received: 8 May 1997 / Accepted: 2 October 1997 相似文献
26.
We have studied string-dust cosmological model in a stationary cylindrically symmetric space-time. A one parameter family of solutions is obtained for the field equations of the system. 相似文献
27.
S. K. Chakraborty 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1956,33(1):9-16
Summary The paper deals with the investigations of disturbances in an infinite homogeneous isotropic and perfectly elastic medium
produced by a source operating on a small portion of the inner surface of a cylindrical hole.
Prof.S. K. Chakraborty, M. Sc., Surendranath College, 24 Harrison Road,Calcutta-9, India. 相似文献
28.
29.
Summary In this paper, we have tried to understand the ENSO, MJO and Indian summer monsoon rainfall relationships from observation as well as from coupled model results. It was the general feeling that El-Niño years are the deficient in Indian monsoon rainfall and converse being the case for the La-Niña years. Recent papers by several authors noted the failure of this relationship. We find that the model output does confirm a breakdown of this relationship. In this study we have seen that a statistically defined modified Indian summer monsoon rainfall (MISMR) index, a linearly regressed ISMR index and dynamical Webster index (WBSI), shows an inverse relationship with ENSO index during the entire period of integration (1987 to 1999). It is also seen from this study that the amplification of the MJO signals were large and the ENSO signals were less pronounced during the years of above normal ISMR. The MJO signal amplitudes were small and ENSO signals were strong during the years of deficient ISMR. It has been noted that here is a time lag between the MJO and ENSO signal in terms of their modulation aspect. If time lag is added with the ENSO signal then both signals maintain the amplitude modulation theory. A hypothesis is being proposed here to define a relationship between MJO and ENSO signals for the entire period between 1987 and 1999.Received September 18, 2002; revised November 22, 2002; accepted December 20, 2002
Published online: May 8, 2003 相似文献
30.