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951.
Nb-Ta-Ti-bearing oxide minerals (Nb-Ta-bearing rutile, columbite-group minerals) represent the most common Nb-Ta host in topaz-albite granites and related rocks from the Krásno-Horní Slavkov ore district. Tungsten-bearing columbite-(Fe), W-bearing ixiolite, wodginite and tapiolite-(Fe) are extremely rare in these rocks. Rutile contains significant levels of Ta (up to 37?wt.% Ta2O5) and Nb (up to 24?wt.% Nb2O5), with Ta/(Ta?+?Nb) ratio ranging from 0.04 to 0.61. Columbite-group minerals are represented mostly by columbite-(Fe) and rarely by columbite-(Mn), with Mn/(Mn?+?Fe) ratio ranging from 0.23 to 0.94. The exceptionally rare Fe-rich, W-bearing ixiolite occurs only as inclusions in Nb-Ta-bearing rutile from quartz-free alkali-feldspar syenites (Vysoky Kámen stock). Wodginite was found only in the topaz-albite microgranite of gneissic breccia matrix that occurs in the upper most part of the Hub topaz-albite granite stock. In wodginite, the Mn/(Mn?+?Fe) ratio is 0.42?C0.51, whereas the coexisting tapiolite-(Fe) has a distinctly lower Mn/(Mn?+?Fe) ratio close to 0.06. 相似文献
952.
Contrasting tourmaline types from peraluminous granites: a case study from Moslava?ka Gora (Croatia)
Two texturally and chemically distinct types of tourmaline are found inside peraluminous granites of the Moslava?ka Gora, Croatia: nodular tourmaline in the two-mica granite and disseminated tourmaline in the cross-cutting leucogranite dykes. Both tourmaline types belong to alkali tourmaline group, nodular tourmaline being dravite to schorl and disseminated tourmaline corresponding to schorl. Comparison of characteristic parameters of nodular (Nt) and disseminated tourmaline (Dt) shows significant differences in #Fe (0.40?C0.65 for Nt vs. 0.74?C0.85 in Dt) along with variations in the calculated X-site vacancy (0.22?C0.37 pfu in Nt and 0.33?C0.44 in Dt) and ??/(??+Na) ratio (0.23?C0.40 in Nt and 0.34?C0.45 in Dt). Disseminated tourmaline from the MG leucogranites is regarded as an early crystallized magmatic phase, while the interstitial tourmaline from the cores of tourmaline nodules originated from more complex mineralogical and chemical interactions inside the two-mica granite melt. Major element gain (Mg) and loss (Fe, Ca, Na, K) for the ??idealized nodule?? (34 vol. % core + 66 vol. % halo) when compared to the host granite shows that the nodule??s volume is not a completely independent and closed system. Based on the observed characteristics, nodule??s halo can be considered as a ??transitional zone?? between the tourmaline-bearing core and the host granite, texturally and mineralogically related to the host two-mica granite, chemically being an integral part of the nodule??s volume at the same time. 相似文献
953.
Thomas?Oommen Debasmita?MisraEmail author Anupma?Prakash Sukumar?Bandopadhyay Sathy?Naidu John?J.?Kelley 《Natural Resources Research》2011,20(1):11-24
Multiple Regressive Pattern Recognition Technique (MRPRT) is an adapted approach for improved geologic resource estimation.
We developed and tested this approach for the Platinum (Pt) bearing region near Goodnews Bay, Alaska, which presents an example
of a complex depositional environment. We applied geospatial and pattern recognition methods to assess the spatial distribution
of offshore Pt in the Goodnews Bay area from point data collected by various agencies. We used the coefficient of correlation
(r) and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (E) to quantitatively assess the degree of accuracy of the estimated Pt distribution. We split the study area, based on trend
analysis, into two regions: inside the Bay and outside the Bay. We could not obtain appreciable estimates from the geospatial
and pattern recognition methods. Using MRPRT, we were able to improve r from 0.57 to 0.93 and the E from 28.31 to 92.91 inside the Bay. We achieved improvement in r from 0.55 to 0.61 and E from 28.46 to 34.52 outside the Bay. The reasons for a non-significant improvement outside the Bay have been discussed. The
results indicate that the proposed MRPRT has wide application potential in georesource estimation where input data is often
scarce. 相似文献
954.
Jashar?ArfaiEmail author Dieter?Franke Christoph?Gaedicke Rüdiger?Lutz Michael?Schnabel Stefan?Ladage Kai?Berglar Mario?Aurelio Jennie?Montano Nicole?Pellejera 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2011,32(3):349-362
Interpretation of deep 2-D multi-channel seismic data sheds insights into the geological evolution of the West Luzon Basin,
Philippines. This basin is a sediment-filled trough that is located between the island of Luzon and the outer arc high of
the west Luzon subduction zone. High-amplitude, low-frequency reflection bands mark the acoustic basement. The basement, at
about 6 s (TWT), is dissected by normal faults with some of them being inverted in a later phase of deformation. The sedimentary
successions, overlying the basement are stratified with partly chaotic structures and discontinuous reflectors. Five regional
unconformities separate major stratigraphic units. Grid calculations of our seismic data reveal variations in the sedimentation
pattern of the basin with a shift of the deposition centre from east to west and backwards during formation. A distinct bottom-simulating
reflector is commonly observed. Because the northern boundary of the continental fragments to the South of the West Luzon
Basin is unclear we speculate that the basin may be (partly) underlain by continental crust. The continental crust was affected
by rifting prior to and during the opening of the South China Sea and the basin was overprinted at a later stage by a forearc
structural setting when subduction was initiated. 相似文献
955.
The use of spectral analysis-based exact solutions to characterize topography-controlled groundwater flow 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Spectral analysis enhances the ability to analyze groundwater flow at a steady state by separating the top boundary condition into its periodic forms. Specifically, spectral analysis enables comparisons of the impact of individual spatial scales on the total flow field. New exact spectral solutions are presented for analyzing 3D groundwater flow with an arbitrarily shaped top boundary. These solutions account for depth-decaying, anisotropic and layered permeability while utilizing groundwater flux or the phreatic surface as a top boundary condition. Under certain conditions, groundwater flow is controlled by topography. In areas where the groundwater flow is controlled by the topography, the unknown water table is often approximated by the topography. This approximation induces a systematic error. Here, the optimal resolution of digital elevation models (DEMs) is assessed for use as a top boundary in groundwater flow models. According to the analysis, the water-table undulation is smoother than the topography; therefore, there is an upper limit to the resolution of DEMs that should be used to represent the groundwater surface. The ability to represent DEMs of various spectral solutions was compared and the results indicate that the fit is strongly dependent on the number of harmonics in the spectral solution. 相似文献
956.
The material of Hispanomys decedens (Rodentia, Cricetodontinae) from La Grive-Saint Alban (France) is described in detail for the first time. H. decedens, which is one of the oldest species of the genus, shows the primitive character states that are typical of the Aragonian congeneric species, such as the mesolophs and labial cingula surrounding the upper molar valleys. The detailed examination of the teeth of H. decedens shows that this taxon is a good candidate ancestor for H. aragonensis. 相似文献
957.
The effect of welding degree on geotechnical properties of an ignimbrite flow unit: the Bitlis castle case (eastern Turkey) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tamer Koralay Mehmet ?zkul Halil Kumsar Sefer Beran ?elik Kadir Pekta? 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(3):869-881
Ignimbrites are associated with nearly most of the world’s volcanoes and are defined as a deposit from pyroclastic density
currents. They consist predominantly of pumiceous lapilli and blocks, and glass shards, which shows evidence of having been
emplaced as a concentrated hot and dry particulate flow. These rocks are widely used as building stone especially in ancient
buildings. Bitlis valley is covered by ignimbritic products, derived from Nemrut stratovolcano, one of the significant volcanic
centers in Eastern Anatolia. The Bitlis ignimbrite is separated into lower level (LL), middle level (ML) and upper level (UL)
according to color, welding degree and structural features. All three levels were used extensively in many parts of the Bitlis
castle as masonry materials. Studies were carried out on mineralogical and geochemical composition and on physical and mechanical
properties of the ignimbrites. In addition, a freeze–thaw cycle test was executed. There are no considerable differences in
mineralogical composition among the levels of ignimbrite. All levels contain plagioclase, sanidine, pyroxene, and opaque mineral.
In addition, anorthoclase and quartz are seen. In general, the LL of ignimbrite shows relic perlitic and eutaxitic texture,
whereas eutaxitic and vesicular texture are commonly developed in the ML and UL, respectively. Lower, middle, and upper level
ignimbrite samples display similar and limited compositional spread in terms of major oxide elements. They have trachyte composition.
Building stones can be classified according to mineralogy, mechanical and physical properties and processing types. Mechanical
and physical properties are very important with respect to stone quality/durability. The mechanical and physical properties
of the ignimbrites are controlled by the welding degree. It was found that increasing welding degree from UL to LL correlates
with increasing density, compressive strength and slake durability index and with decreasing porosity. The Bitlis ignimbrites
have turned out as susceptible to freeze–thaw cycles. 相似文献
958.
959.
Chemistry of the Ferraria thermal water, S. Miguel Island, Azores: mixing and precipitation processes 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Maria do Rosário Carvalho António Mateus Jo?o C. Nunes José M. Carvalho 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(2):539-547
The Ferraria thermal water emerges at the sea level in the Ferraria lava delta (western edge of S. Miguel Island, Azores)
with temperature of ca. 60°C and pH varying between 5.4 and 6.2. It is of sodium chloride type, resulting from ca. 50% seawater
mixing with an acid brackish, at ≈100°C, denoting the presence of significant CO2(g) and the progress of water–rock interactions in open system conditions. The thermal Na–Cl water is strongly enriched with
Sr and Mn and, comparatively, has low concentrations in Al, Fe and As. These elements are removed from the solution as critical
conditions for the formation of several neo-formed mineral phases are gradually attained. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations
are consistent with this interpretation, showing that the thermal fluid can precipitate Fe3+-(hydr-)oxides, kaolinite and non-crystalline silica. Wells logging show fracture planes and pores fully/partly filled up
with polyphase botryoidal aggregates mostly composed of goethite + ferrihydrite and displaying variable adsorbed contents
of Si, P and As. These neo-formed phases result from the pristine fluid oxidation due to seawater mixing; its precipitation
is easily affected by pH and redox variations of the brackish, due to volcanic gases pressure alterations, and fluid pressure
or flow-velocity oscillation in the fractured aquifer. 相似文献
960.
The shear band (SB) spacing phenomenon in geomaterials is addressed in this paper under plane strain extensional conditions.
On the basis of sand box observations, a method is proposed for the prediction of the spacing between shear bands based on
the so-called “bookshelf” deformation mechanism. The proposed method is based on the assumption that the material is softening
inside the shear bands whereas outside the SB it undergoes elastic unloading. The underlying assumption for the prediction
of SB spacing is that the material reaches the lowest possible energy rate. An analytical expression for the determination
of the shear band spacing is presented taking into account the plane strain extensional deformation of the specimen. The friction
due to the normal off-plane shear acting on the boundaries is then taken into account. 相似文献