内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区水资源现状分析及可持续利用对策

内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区属资源型缺水,用水浪费和水污染现象十分严重。通过分析该区水资源概况及水资源开发利用的基本情况,提出水资源可持续利用存在的主要问题及相应的对策：科学开发利用;依法排污,全面治理,加大环保宣传力度;大力推进计划用水,节约用水;加快替代水源工程建设;保护水资源;建立合理的水价体系以及加强水资源的统统一管理。     

基于线性过渡体介质理论的薄砂层厚度预测技术

薄砂层厚度预测是油气田勘探开发的难点之一。本文引入线性过渡介质理论,建立更为接近实际的楔状线性过渡介质模型,通过时域理论模型正演及频域响应特征分析,提出利用调谐频率信息预测薄砂层厚度的研究思路,并在实际应用中建立起一套相应的预测流程。实钻验证表明,预测出的薄砂体空间展布范围及厚度与实际情况吻合度较高,该方法具有良好的应用和推广价值。     

Late Cretaceous basalts and rhyolites from Shimaoshan Group in eastern Fujian Province,SE China: age,petrogenesis, and tectonic implications

ABSTRACT

Southeastern China is characterized by an extensive Late Mesozoic (Yanshanian) tectono-magmatic-metallogenic event. Although Late Cretaceous volcanism gradually weakened during the epilogue of the Yanshanian event, its petrogenesis and geodynamic processes remain unclear. In this study, we present new zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic, whole-rock elemental, and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions data, for volcanic rocks from the Zhaixia Formation of the Shimaoshan Group in Fujian Province. The lower member of the Zhaixia Formation consists of basalts and rhyolites, and the upper member is only rhyolites. These volcanic rocks erupted in the early stage of Late Cretaceous, with basalts erupting earlier (ca. 99–98 Ma) than rhyolites (ca. 98–94 Ma). These basalts record high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic, light rare earth element (LREE)- and LILE-enrichment, high field strength element (HFSE)depletion with negligible Eu anomalies, and uniform whole-rock ε_Nd(t) (–3 to –6) and zircon ε_Hf(t) (–3.3 to –14.1) values. The overlying rhyolites record peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline characteristics, LREE- and LILE-enrichment with negative Eu anomalies, and Nb–Ta depletion. The whole-rock ε_Nd(t) and zircon ε_Hf(t) values of these rhyolites both increase from the lower member (ε_Nd(t), –1.5 to –4.7; ε_Hf(t), –5.1 to –16.1) to the upper member (ε_Nd(t), –0.5 to 0.1; ε_Hf(t), –0.3 to –4.3). The features imply that these basalts were derived from the partial melting of the enriched lithospheric mantle and the overlying rhyolites from the melting of the crustal components, respectively. Data from the rhyolites in the upper member indicate that more juvenile, Nd–Hf isotopically depleted materials were injected into their source. During the Late Cretaceous, the new, fast rollback of the subducting slab triggered lithospheric extension and asthenospheric upwelling beneath the coastal regions, which induced the melting of lithospheric mantle and crustal components. As continued, the new round of basaltic underplating provided necessary heat to cause partial melting of the deep crust, including the younger, juvenile, and isotopically depleted crustal components.     

胶东地区地震烈度衰减关系

使用胶东及邻区地震数据,对于发生在基岩出露区的18次地震的30条可靠等震线,利用最小二乘法,拟合胶东地区地震烈度衰减关系公式。与华北地区地震烈度衰减关系进行比较,发现胶东地区地震烈度衰减较慢。胶东地区地震烈度衰减关系的建立,可以辅助制定相关应急预案和震后快速评估。     

Production and Certification of the Reference Material GSB 04‐3258‐2015 as a 143Nd/144Nd Isotope Ratio Reference

A new certified reference material, labelled GSB 04‐3258‐2015, for use as a ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotope ratio reference has been prepared by the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing. Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China provided the certification for this reference material. This report presents the reference ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotope ratio and supporting production and certification procedures. The reference value was determined by an interlaboratory comparison of results from eleven participating laboratories using MC‐TIMS or MC‐ICP‐MS. The calibration of mass fractionation was conducted by using the exponential law, and the ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotope ratios were normalised to the ¹⁴⁶Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotope ratio value of 0.7219. Isobaric interference of ¹⁴⁴Sm on ¹⁴⁴Nd was corrected using an interference‐free ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁹Sm isotope ratio value for mass fractionation. GSB 04‐3258‐2015 shows sufficient homogeneity and stability for use as an international isotopic reference material. The certified value was calculated from the unweighted means of the results submitted by the participating laboratories. The ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotope ratio value for GSB 04‐3258‐2015 is 0.512438, with a combined expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 5 × 10^?6. Reference material GSB 04‐3258‐2015 is available upon request from the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, and may be used for accurate interlaboratory calibration of Nd isotope analysis.     

基于GIS的孔隙含水层系统三维空间离散方法研究

分析了目前孔隙地下水流三维有限差分数值模拟中对含水层系统三维空间离散存在的问题，针对自然界孔隙含水层与隔水层空间分布的不连续性与厚度的不均匀性，研究了基于GIS的孔隙含水层系统三维空间离散实现的技术路线，提出了基于GIS与不规则六面体元的孔隙含水层系统的三维空间离散方法，最大限度地保证了离散体元中含水层类型的单一性，提高了孔隙地下水流模拟模型三维空间离散的精度。     

The Electrical Conductivity of Gabbro at High Temperature and High Pressure

The electric conductivity of gabbro has been measured at 1.0 - 2.0 GPa and 320-700℃, and the conduction mechanism has been analyzed in terms of the impedance spectra.Experimental results indicated that the electric conductivity depends on the frequency of alternative current. Impedance arcs representing the conduction mechanism of grain interiors are displayed in the complex impedance plane, and the mechanism is dominated at high pressure.These arcs occur over the range of 102 - k× 105 Hz (k is the positive integer from 1 to 9). On the basis of our results and previous work, it is concluded that gabbro cannot form any high conductivity layer (HCL) in the middle-lower crust.     

华北地块中部活动构造特征及汾渭地堑成因探讨

研究区位处华北克拉通中部,受太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域的影响,新生代开始裂解,先后形成了渤海湾盆地和汾渭地堑。第四纪以来,华北地块中部活动日趋活跃,不同走向的断裂和盆地也表现出不同的活动性。NW向和近EW向断裂主要表现为左旋走滑性质,而NE向断裂则主要表现为正断性质。NNE向断裂虽也表现出正断性质,但右旋走滑性质正逐渐占主导地位。汾渭地堑中,NE向盆地与NNE向的盆地也因此表现出一定的活动差异。盆地形成初期,两种走向的盆地沉降速率差别不大,但第四纪以来,NE向盆地的沉降速率已大大超过NNE盆地。对于第四纪以来这种构造运动的表现,同时结合GPS观测数据及青藏高原的大规模隆升与华北地块中部山地相对隆升和盆地沉降事件在时间上的高度一致性,推测华北地块中部中新世以来的构造活动主要受印度与欧亚板块碰撞的挤出作用影响,在NWW和NE向剪切应力的作用下,华北地块中部自南北两端受NWWSEE向拉张的合力作用下开始裂解。随着青藏高原隆升速度的加快,两种剪切应力也随之增强,其合力的影响范围逐渐向中心向东不断扩展,形成了一系列的NNE和NEE向盆地。同时,NE向剪切应力增幅明显强于NWW向剪切,导致其合力由NW向拉张逐渐转变为NNW向拉张,引起不同走向断层活动性的差异与不同走向盆地沉降速率的相应改变。     

微板块与大板块：基本原理与范式转换

传统板块构造理论50多年来一直是占统治地位的地学理论，是理解固体地球运行的基本范式，但遇到三大难题：板块起源、板内变形和板块驱动力。针对这三大难题，微板块构造理论试图开拓一个全球构造研究的新范式。本文通过与传统板块构造理论中基本原理的逐条对比，阐明了微板块构造理论的基本原理和优势及其对传统板块构造理论的拓展。微板块构造范式既不同于传统板块构造范式，又不同于地幔柱范式，是两者的重要补充与拓展。文中着重从几何学、运动学、动力学、适用范围、理论出发点、理论假设与预测的角度，阐明了大板块与微板块的异同，并探讨了两者的转换关系及其转换机制的多样性，介绍了微板块生长成为大板块的4种途径、大〖JP2〗板块破碎为微板块的3种转换模式，探索了前板块构造体制下微地块在非线性地球系统中通过自组织、自生长等方式，进化为板块体制下微板块的自然选择过程。本文还提出陆壳型微地块是密度选择的结果，其密度决定了其保存机制，这是陆壳起源的根本；〖JP〗微地块向微板块的转变是刚性选择的结果，其刚性是初始板块构造体制起始的必要条件；微板块不对称俯冲或对流型式的转变是热选择的结果，其热不对称性是现代板块构造体制起始的必要条件。     

动态古地貌再造: Badlands软件在盆地分析中的应用*

近几年来的研究发现,当存在较强的构造活动时,古地理特征变化将会加快,而常规方法很难对这一构造活动过程中的古地理和古地貌进行有效的恢复和研究。Basin and Landscape Dynamics(Badlands)软件正是基于前人的研究工作而开发的一款数值模拟软件,用于模拟各种空间和时间尺度的地貌演化。它可用于研究地表演化过程、预测侵蚀和沉积速率并评估沉积物通量,从而实现对古地理和古地貌进行更为精细化的研究。笔者介绍了Badlands软件的基本原理和方法,并将此方法应用于东海陆架盆地南部中生代地貌及地质演化过程的研究: 首先利用研究区域内现有的地震剖面、测井、平衡剖面等资料获得中生代早期的古地形;再通过恢复的古地形构建数值模型,并加载降雨量、岩石侵蚀性、海平面变化、动力地形调整和地壳弹性层厚度等相关参数进行模拟研究,以分析强烈的构造运动对盆地地貌演化的影响;最后对比模拟结果与已知的中生代的地貌特征和沉积分布,并据此进一步分析中生代盆地演化过程中的沉积物分布规律以及三维古地理和古地貌演化特征。该方法可以为沉积盆地充填过程分析和能源矿产勘探提供有益的思路。