Chemistry of marine resources-ⅩⅨ. The molecule design and synthesis of crow-link type alkyd resin and its enrichment behaviour for potassium ion in sea water

This paper first presents the molecule design and synthesis of crown-link type alkyd resin,and its enrichment behaviour for potassium ion in low concentration solution and sea water.On the basis of some theory concepts of Host-Guest chemistry developed in recent years,we have designed and synthesized a new polymer enrichment agent of crow-link resin for potassiumion,i.e.,polymacrocyclic ether bislactone of diethylene glycolpyromyllitic acid(briefly called crown-link type alkyd resin or PBL resin).The yield was about 97.4%,almost quantitatively.     

末次间冰期以来沙漠－黄土边界带的环境演变

沙漠-黄土边界带地处东亚季风边缘,这一地区的风成沉积即古风成砂-黄土-古土壤序列很好地反映了东亚季风环流的演变历史。末次间冰期的沉积（S1）由三层古土壤和夹于其间的两层黄土组成,可与深海氧同位素阶段5的五个亚阶段（a-e）则很好对比。末次冰期的沉积（L1）由三层古风成砂和夹于其间的两层黄土构成,由此反映了与上述三层古风成砂对应的阶段2、阶段4及阶段3的中期是沙漠-黄土边界带冬季风活动加剧、沙漠扩大的时期。全新世的沉积是由一层草原上（S0）和其上的流沙组成,但这层流沙是在最近两千年来不合理的人类活动和当地特定风场条件的共同作用下形成,已不具备明显的气候指示意义。     

坦桑尼亚西南部乌本迪带内Nsamya镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

在坦桑尼亚西南部的乌本迪带内首次发现了阿拉斯加型(岛弧型)镁铁-超镁铁环状杂岩体,对约束区域构造演化历史具有重要的意义。Nsamya杂岩体主要岩性为单辉橄榄岩和辉长岩,单辉橄榄岩位于杂岩体的中部,而辉长岩主要位于北部边缘,表现出环状岩体特征。锆石U-Pb年龄表明杂岩体的形成年龄介于1874～1944Ma之间,为古元古代晚期。岩石地球化学显示,杂岩体具有低SiO₂,高MgO、FeO_T、Cr和Ni含量,富集LREE和Ba、Pb、U等大离子亲石元素,不同程度的亏损HREE和Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti等高场强元素特征,为具有岛弧构造背景的阿拉斯加型岩体。综合区域地质背景资料,认为其形成于古元古代乌本迪造山作用晚期的岛弧盆地闭合阶段,玄武质岩浆来源于受俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔,并在上升过程中遭受下地壳基底的混染作用。     

Improvement of saponification extraction method for fatty acids separation from geological samples

The conventional saponification method could result in lower recoveries and artificial changes of long-chain fatty acids. The main reason is the error judgment of the intermediate layer suspended between the aqueous and organic layer during the liquid–liquid extraction process. This study shows that the intermediate layer consists of lots of medium- to long-chain carboxylic salts for their special physical and chemical properties. An improved saponification extraction method is also developed and the results show that the carboxylic salts distributed in the intermediate layer could be obtained completely, which greatly enhances the authenticity and accuracy of fatty acid analysis. Additionally, the possible reasons of formation of the intermediate layer are also discussed.     

Bio-climatic imprints on a Holocene loess palaeosol from China

Micromorphology, heavy minerals, pollen and soil properties were examined in a typical Holocene loess profile in the north of the Loess Plateau, consisting of a palaeosol (locally known as the Ansai palaeosol) underlain by the Malan loess and overlain by modern loess. The palaeosol consists of an upper humus-rich (AB) horizon over a clay-rich (Bt) horizon. The humus-rich horizon is intensely weathered, contains precipitated calcitic material derived from the overlying modern loess, and has both high pollen content and diversity. Clay coatings in the clay-rich horizon indicate formation by eluviation–illuviation of clay. Pedogenetic characteristics and pollen analysis imply that the vegetation during the time of most intensive soil development is likely to have been a warm-temperate forest. A complex interpretation of the loess–palaeosol sequence recognizes several development stages. The phase of soil development, maximum and minimum limiting ages for which are ca. 8800 and 4400 ¹⁴C years BP, involved continuing but reduced loess deposition, and successive Holocene bio-climatic environment overprinted new features on the palaeosol.     

中国中部南洛河流域地貌、黄土堆积与更新世古人类生存环境

本文结合最近获得的新资料,对南洛河流域的地貌、黄土沉积和更新世环境进行综合分析。结果表明,南洛河上、中游地貌表现为河流峡谷和山间盆地相间分布的特征,盆地中河流阶地发育; 下游为平缓的山前平原和低山丘陵。黄土在全流域的山顶、河流阶地和盆地等各种地貌部位均有分布。黄土沉积受地形影响较大,上游黄土堆积速率低、颗粒细; 在下游有风道直通的地方,黄土堆积速率高、颗粒粗。在不同地貌部位,黄土开始堆积的年代不同,黄土底界的年代从早更新世到晚更新世均有所见。对埋藏旧石器的年代研究表明,南洛河流域的古人类活动从早更新世晚期(约800ka)开始,到晚更新世后期(约30ka)结束,期间有多期遗存。初步的孢粉和有机碳同位素分析表明,这里曾是森林草原景观,冰期时,乔木植被以松属为主,C4类型草本减少; 而间冰期时,乔木植被以松属-榆科占主导地位,C4类植物增多。古人类在黄土堆积期和古土壤发育期都可能在这个地方活动,但这一认识需要更多的证据支持。丰富的石制品分布和较为连续的黄土沉积,使南洛河流域成为理解更新世人类行为与环境的重要区域。     

国家级地面自动站A文件质量控制方法及软件开发

地面自动站A文件是以站月为单位的气象观测综合资料，具有要素多、信息量大的特点。为了实现有效的质量控制，研究了更为全面的国家级的质量控制方法并遵循软件工程理论，采用模块化的设计方法完成了应用软件的开发，这对保证我国地面自动站观测数据的质量起到了重要作用。     

双波段大气向下红外辐射云遥感数值模拟

为了将卫星多通道遥感技术应用到地基测云红外遥感中,利用SBDART(平面平行辐射传输模式)模式对双波段(10.3～11.3μm,11.5～12.5μm)大气向下红外辐射进行计算。分析了双波段辐射亮温差的特点,讨论了不同能见度、不同天空状况对两通道亮温差的影响,同时将利用实际测量的亮温差值所判断出来的天空状况与实际天空状况进行了对比。结果表明,在能见度较好时天顶方向辐射率变化比天边方向明显;在高能见度时一定天顶角范围内,可以利用不同天空状况亮温差不同的特点对云进行识别。     

金沙江美姑河牛牛坝水电站库区泥石流对工程影响分析

金沙江美姑河牛牛坝水电站库区泥石流沟分布面积广、发生频率高;调查表明库区现有不同类型泥石流沟31条,其中属于高度危险的泥石流沟4条,中度危险的泥石流沟15条;这些泥石流不会造成严重的堵河问题。在施工期泥石流对水电站工程的影响突出,特别是靠近库首的泥石流对工程的安全构成威胁。水库蓄水后,库区泥石流对水电站工程影响有所降低,但位于大坝下游区的泥石流对水电站正常运行仍有较大的影响。     

基于不等式约束的磁共振信号T2谱多指数分解法及算法改进

磁共振地下水探测信号的弛豫时间T₂和振幅与地下岩石孔隙大小和地下水的含水量直接相关。目前,磁共振地下水探测方法中,信号的衰减特性由平均弛豫时间T^*₂来描述。然而,对于复杂的多孔介质组成的岩石结构,仅由T^*₂无法准确描述地下孔隙情况。详细研究了基于不等式约束的多指数分解法,进行了信号T₂谱的提取,并重新计算多指数形式下的信号初始振幅。结果表明：对比信号在不同采集时间下的T₂谱提取结果,延长信号的采集时间有助于T₂谱的准确提取;通过磁共振仿真信号计算并分析不同信噪比下的T₂谱提取结果,信噪比大于30 dB时相对误差平均值小于5%;进行算法改进,得到信噪比大于10 dB时相对误差平均值小于5%的结果,且幅值和T₂的相对误差平均值降低了约1/3。由此可知:采用多指数分解法能够获得磁共振信号的T₂谱,正则化技术和加权修正能够提高T₂谱的准确度和抗干扰能力;与单指数方式相比,采用多指数拟合能够更准确地恢复信号初始振幅。