Genome size of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alexandrium catenella</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis</Emphasis> estimated by flow cytometry

Flow cytometry(FCM) technique has been widely applied to estimating the genome size of various higher plants. However, there is few report about its application in algae. In this study, an optimized procedure of FCM was exploited to estimate the genome size of two eukaryotic algae. For analyzing Alexandrium catenella, an important red tide species, the whole cell instead of isolated nucleus was studied, and chicken erythrocytes were used as an internal reference. The genome size of A. catenella was estimated to be 56.48 ± 4.14 Gb(1C), approximately nineteen times larger than that of human genome. For analyzing Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, an important economical red alga, the purified nucleus was employed, and Arabidopsis thaliana and Chondrus crispus were used as internal references, respectively. The genome size of Gp. lemaneiformis was 97.35 ± 2.58 Mb(1C) and 112.73 ± 14.00 Mb(1C), respectively, depending on the different internal references. The results of this research will promote the related studies on the genomics and evolution of these two species.     

胶州湾典型河口湿地土壤无机碳分布及影响因素

选择胶州湾大沽河与洋河河口湿地作为研究区,按平行于海岸带方向的光滩和垂直于海岸带方向的河漫滩分层采集土壤样品,测定土壤无机碳（Soil inorganic carbon,SIC）含量、相关离子含量及土壤理化性质,应用Duncan方法及Pearson方法对SIC含量进行组间数据差异显著性分析和相关性分析。结果表明：光滩SIC含量总体呈现距入海口越远,SIC含量越高的趋势,水体的冲刷作用是导致该现象的主要原因。随距海距离增加,河漫滩SIC含量总体呈现先降低后升高的趋势,主要受人类活动等综合因素的影响。互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）入侵使SIC含量明显降低,这是入侵物种根系的转化作用所导致的。养殖活动改变了养殖池塘自身环境因子,进而改变了SIC分布规律,表现为其总体SIC含量高于光滩。相关性分析表明,SIC含量与土壤含盐量、土壤溶解性无机碳含量及土壤pH呈显著正相关。     

Reducing the Common Environmental Effect on Litopenaeus vannamei Body Weight by Rearing Communally at Early Developmental Stages and Using a Reconstructed Pedigree

Heritability estimates may be severely biased when a large common environmental effect on a family arises from a longlasting separate rearing at early stages(SRES) in traditional selective breeding programs, especially when bred populations have weak genetic ties. Communal rearing at early stages(CRES) may reduce common environmental effect since all families are reared in the same environment immediately after hatching. Here, we compared the effects of CRES and SRES strategies on genetic parameter estimation for harvest body weight in a selective breeding population of Litopenaeus vannamei with a small number of half-sib families. Genetic parameters of each strategy were estimated by using animal models excluding and including the common environmental effect(Model 1 and Model 2, respectively). Heritability estimates for body weight were 0.21 ± 0.06(P 0.05) and 0.69 ± 0.09(P 0.05) for CRES and SRES, respectively, in Model 1, and 0.21 ± 0.06(P 0.05) and 0.52 ± 0.27(P 0.05) in Model 2. The ratio of common environmental variance to phenotypic variance was 0.002 ± 0.000 and 0.071 ± 0.112 for CRES and SRES, respectively. Neither strategy precisely partitioned the common environmental variance according to likelihood ratio test. Lower heritability for body weight in CRES than in SRES implied that a large common environmental variance was confounded with additive genetic variance and was not effectively partitioned in SRES. Moreover, genetic correlation of body weight between the two strategies was 0.75 ± 0.15, indicating that family rankings truly changed. The CRES should be followed in the selective breeding program of shrimp, especially in a population with a shallow pedigree and weak genetic ties between families.     

西南印度洋中脊表层沉积物中存在热液组分的地球化学证据

Hydrothermal materials in deep-sea sediments provide a robust tracer to the localized hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges. Major, trace and rare earth element(REE) data for surface sediments collected from the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge are presented to examine the existence of hydrothermal component.Biogenic carbonate oozes dominate all the sediment samples, with CaO content varying from 85.5% to 89.9% on a volatile-free basis. The leaching residue of bulk sediments by ~5% HCl is compositionally comparable to the Upper Continental Crust(UCC) in SiO_2, Al_2O_3, CaO, MgO, alkali elements(Rb, Cs) and high field strength elements(Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti). These detritus-hosted elements are inferred to be prominently derived from the Australian continent by means of eolian dust, while the contribution of local volcaniclastics is insignificant. In addition, the residual fraction shows a clear enrichment in Fe, Mn, and Ba compared with the UCC. Combining the positive Eu anomaly of residual fraction which is opposed to the UCC but the characteristic of hydrothermal fluids and associated precipitates occurred at mid-ocean ridges, the incorporation of localized hydrothermal component can be constrained. REE mixing calculations indicate that more than half REE within the residual fraction(~55%–60%) are derived from a hydrothermal component, which is inferred to be resulted from a diffuse fluid mineralization. The low-temperature diffuse flow may be widely distributed along the slow-ultraslow spreading ridges where crustal faults and fissures abound, and probably have a great mineralization potential.     

Reliability of recharge rates estimated from groundwater age with a simplified analytical approach

Groundwater age is often used to estimate groundwater recharge through a simplified analytical approach. This estimated recharge is thought to be representative of the mean recharge between the point of entry and the sampling point. However, given the complexity in actual recharge, whether the mean recharge is reasonable is still unclear. This study examined the validity of the method to estimate long-term average groundwater recharge and the possibility of obtaining reasonable spatial recharge pattern. We first validated our model in producing reasonable age distributions using a constant flux boundary condition. We then generated different flow fields and age patterns by using various spatially varying flux boundary conditions with different magnitudes and wavelengths. Groundwater recharge was estimated and analysed afterwards using the method at the spatial scale. We illustrated the main findings with a field example in the end. Our results suggest that we can estimate long-term average groundwater recharge with 10% error in many parts of an aquifer. The size of these areas decreases with the increase in both the amplitude and the wavelength. The chance of obtaining a reasonable groundwater recharge is higher if an age sample is collected from the middle of an aquifer and at downstream areas. Our study also indicates that the method can also be used to estimate local groundwater recharge if age samples are collected close to the water table. However, care must be taken to determine groundwater age regardless of conditions.     

低孔渗储层临界物性确定及其石油地质意义

随着油气勘探领域的不断扩展,以现今储层特征为依据的储层评价体系越来越不适应低孔渗储层成藏条件动态评价。由于成藏期后储层物性通常会发生变化,现今储层含油物性下限已不能客观反映成藏期的储层质量下限,储层物性下限的应用意义变得十分局限。作者提出运用“储层临界物性”概念评价储层的新思路,把成藏机制与储层评价相结合,重新认识低孔渗储层的成藏能力。本文提出了3种砂岩“储层临界物性”的确定方法,即①录井资料分析法、②试油资料分析法和③砂岩烃类充注临界条件实验分析法。显然由于成藏期后成岩作用较弱,正常储层的物性特征变化很小,储层临界物性用录井资料分析法和试油资料分析法中求得的现今含油物性下限即可确定;而储层由于成藏期后孔隙度、渗透率的大幅降低,变成了低孔渗储集层,则需要将现今含油物性下限恢复到成藏期相应的临界物性。“储层临界物性”的应用是对传统储层评价体系的补充,只有与成藏结合,动态地评价储层质量,才能客观地区分不同储层的含油气性。在低孔渗储层评价中引入储层临界物性参数分析,能够更有效地评价和预测该领域的储集条件。     

山东邹平吉祥金铜矿矿床地质特征及找矿前景分析

在对区域成矿地质背景认识的基础上,详细解剖了吉祥金铜矿的矿区地质和矿床地质特征,讨论了矿床成因与找矿标志,并初步展望了该区的找矿前景。初步认为该矿床属于沿断裂构造充填的岩浆热液矿床。控矿因素主要是断裂构造和岩浆岩,主要找矿标志为发育于二长岩体内的硅化、黄铜矿化构造破碎带。通过对地质、物探等资料的分析认为该区具有良好的找矿前景。     

造山带挤出构造与高压-超高压岩石剥露机制:以大别山为例

造山带挤出构造阐述了被边界断裂所围限的造山带深变质块体,在造山带内部垂向和(或)侧向应力的作用下折返变形的过程。研究主要集中在挤出块体的几何形态及其内部变形样式、边界断裂特征、挤出路径以及挤出动力来源等4个方面,其研究目的主要是为了解决造山带深变质岩石折返剥露的机制问题。依据挤出块体的挤出方向与造山带主体走向之间的关系,在三维球形坐标系Lx-Ly-Lz中,将造山带挤出构造大致分为7个端员类型(Ⅰ型～Ⅶ型)。其中Lx为造山带或俯冲带的主体走向;Ly呈水平方向并与Lx相垂直;Lz垂直于Lx和Ly所构成的平面。这些基本端员类型的组合及其之间的过渡类型可以详尽地诠释大别山印支期高压-超高压岩石的挤出过程。其中榴辉岩相挤出阶段介于Ⅳ型与Ⅶ型挤出构造之间,角闪岩相挤出阶段介于Ⅱ型与Ⅵ型挤出构造之间并可能具有渠道流挤出模式,而绿片岩相挤出阶段类似于Ⅴ型挤出构造。