Early diagenesis in anaerobic lake sediments—II. Thermodynamic and kinetic factors controlling the formation of iron phosphate

The ion activity product of Fe and phosphate in interstitial waters from four sediment cores taken from Greifensee, Switzerland indicate the presence of vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂ · 8 H₂O] in the solid phase. Analysis of the sediment using an electron microprobe and by electron microscopy revealed P-rich grains to be also enriched in Fe. The combined methods provide strong evidence that vivianite is forming authigenically in the sediments. Thermodynamic stability calculations demonstrate that the most stable Fe and phosphate minerals (pyrite, siderite and apatite) are not the ones controlling the pore water chemistry. The results emphasize the importance of rate processes of mineral formation in early diagenesis.Calculations based on the sediment phosphate concentration, and the degree of supersaturation of Fe and phosphate in the upper portion (0–15 cm) of the pore waters, indicate that the rate of vivianite mineral growth is controlled by a surface reaction rather than a diffusion mechanism. The response time of dissolved phosphate in the sediment pore waters with respect to mineral precipitation is on the order of 1–20 days. Less than 15% of the phosphate released by organic matter degradation at the sediment-water interface and below is retained in the sediments.     

13. Neuere Ergebnisse der geologischen Erforschung von Ostafrika

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Harzrand und Subherzyn

Ohne ZusammenfassungVorläufiger Bericht! Eine ausführlichere Veröffentlichung der Untersuchungen erfolgt an anderer Stelle.     

Die Sturmfluten vom 9. und 10. Februar 1949 an der deutschen Nordseeküste

Zusammenfassung Es wird der Verlauf des Wasserstandes am 9. und 10. Februar 1949 an der deutschen Nordseeküste an Hand von Pegelaufzeichnungen mehrerer Orte verfolgt. Die zugehörige Wetterlage wird mittels besonderer, zeitlich engabständiger Wetterkarten für die Deutsche Bucht untersucht. Aus der Wetterentwicklung ist der ungewöhnliche Verlauf der Sturmfluten zu erklären. Sie wurden durch das Sturmfeld eines Tiefdrucktroges hervorgerufen, das sich an der nordfriesischen Küste besonders stark auswirken konnte, weil die zugehörige Zyklone im entscheidenden Entwicklungsstadium der Sturmflut am 9. Februar nördlich von Sylt nahezu stationär die Deutsche Bucht nach Norden hin absperrte. Die Wasserstandsaufzeichnungen von Husum und Hamburg, die besonders betrachtet werden, zeigen, da das meteorologische Geschehen den Gezeitenablauf völlig überdecken und Höchst wasserstände unabhängig von diesem erzeugen kann.

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The storm surges of February 9th and 10th, 1949 on the German coast of the North Sea

Summary By the aid of tide gauge records the development of the water level on the German coast of the North Sea on February 9th and 10th, 1949, is discussed. Special weather charts for the German Bight for short intervals are plotted in order to elucidate this unusual development of the tide. Its chief cause was the stormfield of a trough of low pressure whose greatest effect was on the coast of North Friesland, because on February 9 th, at the decisive stage of the tide wave, the storm centre was almost stationary off the Island of Sylt, blocking the outflow of water from the German Bight towards the north. Inspection of the tide curves of Husum and Hamburg demonstrates that the effect of air pressure and wind can mask the normal tides and produce maximum heights independently of the the tidal curve.

     

Petrographie und Mineralfazies einer konglomeratischen Tanner Grauwacke aus dem Unterharz

A very coarse grained graywacke from Strassberg in the Lower Harz Mountains (Germany) consists of rock-fragments, feldspars, quartz, chlorites, micas, accessories and ores. Low grade metamorphic mineral reactions are indicated by the formation of 2M-muscovite +chlorite+sphene+albite in the matrix of the graywacke, by prehnite+chlorite+ sphene+calcite+sericite+albite (±quartz) in volcanic rock-fragments, and by prehnite +calcite+quartz along fine fissures. The newly formed minerals in the coarse grained graywacke belong to the laumontite-prehnite-quartz-facies of the burial metmorphism. However, the formation of the low grade minerals is caused by thermal metamorphism in outer contact zones of the Ramberg granite intrusion in the Strassberg area.