Die Zustandswerte in der freien Atmosphäre bei Schauerniederschlägen

Zusammenfassung Radiosondenergebnisse von 1664 Aufstiegen der Monate Mai bis September 1949 bis 1953 in München-Riem werden hinsichtlich der Bildung von Gewittern und Schauern untersucht. Die Kondensationsfeuchtadiabate liegt an Gewittertagen höher als an Tagen ohne Gewitter; auch die 0°C-Grenze erscheint angehoben. Die Zahl der Tage ohne Niederschlag und die Zahl der Gewittertage steigt mit wachsender Mitteltemperatur in der freien Atmosphäre. Während die Zahl der Tage mit Hagelfällen in Bayern von der Temperatur kaum abhängig erscheint, nimmt das vom Hagel betroffene Gebiet mit zunehmender Temperatur bedeutend zu. Niederschläge und Gewittertätigkeit werden von der Verteilung des vertikalen Temperaturgradienten mit der Feuchtigkeit stark abhängig gefunden. Aus dieser Abhängigkeit wird eine als Labilitätsmaß geeignete Regel abgeleitet.

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Summary Results obtained by 1664 ascents of radiosondes during the months may till september 1949 to 1953 at Munich-Riem are evaluated with regard to the formation of thunderstorms and showers. On days with thunderstorms the moistadiabatic lies at a higher level than on days without; the 0°C-level appears to be lifted as well. The number of days without precipitation and the number of thunderstorm days increase with growing mean temperature in the free atmosphere. Whereas, in Bavaria, there is hardly any relation between the number of days with hail and temperature, the region covered by hail grows considerably in extent with increasing tmmperature. Precipitation and thunderstorm activity are found to be strongly dependent on the distribution of the vertical temperature gradient and humidity. From this dependence a rule is derived which may be used as a measure for instability.

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Résumé Etude de 1664 radiosondages des mois de mai à septembre 1949 à 1953 à München-Riem du point de vue de la formation des orages et des averses. L'adiabatique humide est plus élevée lors des jours d'orage qu'en l'absence de ceux-ci; l'isotherme de zéro degré semble aussi plus élevée. Le nombre de jours sans précipitations et celui des jours d'orage croissent avec la température moyenne dans l'atmosphère libre. Tandis qu'en Bavière le nombre de jours de grêle semble indépendant de la température, la surface des régions grêlées augmente nettement avec elle. Les précipitations et l'activité orageuse dêpendent fortement de la distribution du gradient vertical de température selon l'humidité; de cette dépendance on peut tirer une règle servant de critère de labilité.

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Mit 4 Textabbildungen.     

Recharge,storage and discharge of groundwater in some sandstone areas in Central Europe

Recharge curves in relation to precipitation and altitude (temperature) are derived from evapotranspiration data and compared with the results of other methods to determine groundwater replenishment in areas of strongly and moderately cemented sandstones as well as of loose sands (e.g. lysimeters). Infiltration and percolation of groundwater from a sandy cover into jointed sandstones, and discharge of groundwater into influent streamlets as intermittent subsurface flow, rapidly fluctuating discharge of contact springs, and comparatively constant base flow into effluent watercourses is demonstrated by a simplified model using average permeabilities.     

Über eine intra-triadische Deckenbewegung auf Kreta

In the Phyllite Group of Crete a stratigraphic succession from Permian to Upper Triassic members is represented. In Carnian parts of this succession in eastern Crete a coherent sheet of Hercynian amphibolites and micaschists is included. It is 20 km long and up to 300 m thick. The Hercynian metamorphics are shown to have been thrusted upon the pre-Carnian part of the Phyllite Group before the Carnian sedimentation continued. A strong, andesitic volcanism was connected with this thrusting in time and space. Tectonic events like these are not known in the outer zones of the Hellenides until now.     

Cytochrome P4501A expression,chemical contaminants and histopathology in roach,goby and sturgeon and chemical contaminants in sediments from the Caspian Sea,Lake Balkhash and the Ily River Delta,Kazakhstan

Roach, goby and sturgeon were examined for cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression and histopathology, in relation to contaminant burdens in fish and sediment. Gradients of induction of CYP1A were observed. Roach from the Ural and Ily River Deltas and roach and goby from the two stations nearest the Caspian Sea oil fields displayed higher levels of CYP1A expression in several organs than was observed in fish from further offshore. Great sturgeon and Russian sturgeon showed higher levels of CYP1A expression than was seen in starred sturgeon and gobies in the Ural delta. No fish showed evidence of contaminant-related histopathologies in the organs examined, despite the elevated CYP1A levels. Low levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and elevated levels of inshore and riverine petroleum hydrocarbons from these habitats suggest that this ongoing hydrocarbon exposure, and that from natural sources and long-term oil exploration on the Northeastern Caspian shore, contributed to the CYP1A induction observed.     

Gene Expression Analysis for Exposure to Estrogenic Substances

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed with 17β‐estradiol (E2) and nonylphenol (NP) in different concentrations. Gene expression analysis was carried out by two different approaches. First, RT‐PCR experiments were performed for the examination of expression levels of the two marker genes vitellogenin and aromatase. This approach showed a significant increase in the expression of the vitellogenin gene in exposed male fish (500 ng/L 17β‐estradiol and 250 μg/L nonylphenol). This egg yolk protein is usually not synthesized in male vertebrates. A slight decrease of expression of the aromatase gene was observed in exposed female zebrafish. Aromatase is known to catalyze the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Second, DNA microarray experiments were carried out, which allow the simultaneous examination of the expression levels of a great number of marker genes. The microarray experiments resulted in an up‐regulation of vitellogenin up to 850‐fold. In addition, several other genes were identified to be up‐regulated by estrogens, for example the high mobility group box protein ssrp1 (78‐fold) or the chaperonin containing t‐complex polypeptide 1, beta subunit cctb (22‐fold).     

Wal-Mart and Aldi: Two Retail Giants in Germany

Wal-Mart entered the German market at the end of 1997 but is still running at a loss in its 92 stores. This article tests the hypothesis that there are two main reasons for Wal-Mart’s problems in Germany. First of all, Wal-Mart is competing against very strong and well established deep discounters, especially Aldi. Secondly, there is the difference between the so-called Wal-Mart culture and German customer values. So far, Wal-Mart has not managed to close this gap or create a positive image in Germany. The first part of the article describes the differences between the two retail companies Wal-Mart and Aldi, whereas the second part focuses on the consumer perspective. Four hundred people were interviewed on the phone about their shopping behaviour in the city of Würzburg (northern Bavaria, 140,000 inhabitants). This survey is part of an international study also undertaken in Canada, Great Britain and China.     

A multi-sensor approach to creating accurate virtual environments

Creating virtual environment models often requires geometric data from range sensors as well as photometric data from CCD cameras. The model must be geometrically correct, visually realistic, and small enough in size to allow real-time rendering. We present an approach based on 3D range sensor data, multiple CCD cameras, and a colour high-resolution digital still camera. The multiple CCD cameras provide images for a photogrammetric bundle adjustment with constraints. The results of the bundle adjustments are used to register the 3D images from the range sensor in one coordinate system. The images from the high-resolution still camera provide the texture for the final model. The paper describes the system, the techniques for the registration of the 3D images, the building of the efficient geometric model, and the registration and integration of the texture with a simplified geometric model.     

Rare and unusual mineral inclusions in diamonds from Mwadui, Tanzania

Syngenetic diamond inclusions from the Mwadui kimberlite reveal that an unusually fertile section of lithospheric mantle beneath the Central African Craton was sampled. This is shown by a very high ratio of lherzolitic to harzburgitic garnet inclusions (1:2) and low Mg/Fe-ratios in olivine and orthopyroxene. Geothermometry applied to the peridotitic inclusions indicates disequilibrium between non-touching inclusion pairs to be common. Disequilibrium between garnet-olivine and garnet-orthopyroxene pairs suggests successive iron enrichment during diamond formation, e.g. leading to the presence of harzburgitic garnet and lherzolitic olivine in the same diamond. Apart from the dominant peridotitic inclusion suite (88%), rare eclogitic inclusions occur (2%) and a number of uncertain paragenesis. Two diamonds, one with eclogitic garnets with moderate pyroxene solid solution and the other with a single ferro-periclase inclusion, suggest the contribution of a small sub-lithospheric component. The finding of the association Fe-FeO-Fe₃O₄ in one single diamond indicates diamond formation over a large range of f _O2 conditions, possibly along redox fronts. Steep compositional gradients may also be reflected by the joint occurrence of harzburgitic garnet and a SiO₂-phase in the same diamond. Alternatively the formation of the SiO₂-phase may be due to extreme carbonation of the peridotitic source. Further unusual findings include the exsolution of a silicate phase from magnetite inclusions, (i.e. primary solution of γ-olivine) and an ilmenite inclusion with an eskolaite (Cr₂O₃) component of 14.5 mol%, the latter together with harzburgitic paragenesis silicate inclusions. Received: 23 August 1997 / Accepted: 7 January 1998     

Structural development of the Precambrian basement in the Bir Safsaf-Aswân area,SW-Egypt

Structural investigations, especially on quartz c-axis fabrics, combined with petrological work, were carried out in Precambrian rocks from the basement outcrops Bir Safsaf, Gebel el Asr und Gebel Umm Shâghir in the Western Desert in SW Egypt. The principal rock types are migmatites with local mylonite zones. The foliation and shear planes strike WNW-ESE, the axes of the wide and open folds NE-SW to N-S. Investigation of recrystallization features and mineral parageneses lead to P–T-estimates for the different stages of the metamorphic evolution. They range from early granulite facies down to greenschist facies. Quartz-c-axis fabrics of the migmatites and mylonites are similar (crossed-girdle fabrics) but they have a different regional orientation of the strain ellipsoid. Shear zones developed after the main migmatite facies event. The geological evolution of the basement outcrops in Bir Safsaf, Gebel el Asr and Gebel Umm Shâghir is comparable and the whole region is thought to be part of the East Sahara Craton.

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Zusammenfassung Strukturuntersuchungen, besonders Quarz-c-Achsen-Regelungen, kombiniert mit petrologischen Arbeiten, wurden an Gesteinen der präkambrischen Grundgebirgsaufschlüsse Bir Safsaf, Gebel el Asr und Gebel Umm Shâghir in der Western Desert, ägypten, durchgeführt. Die hauptsächlich auftretenden Gesteinstypen sind Migmatite mit lokalen Mylonitzonen. Schieferungs- und Scherflächen streichen WNW-ESE, die Achsen der weiten bis offenen Faltung NE-SW bis N-S. Mit Hilfe des Rekristallisationsverhaltens und der Paragenesen werden P-T-Abschätzungen der Metamorphosestadien angegeben. Sie reichen von früher Granulitfazies bis zu später Grünschieferfazies. Die Quarz-c-Achsenregelung in Migmatiten und Myloniten ist ähnlich (Kreuzgürtelregelung), jedoch mit unterschiedlicher regionaler Orientierung des Strainellipsoids. Scherzonen entwickelten sich nach dem migmatitfaziellen Hauptmetamorphose-Ereignis. Die geologische Entwicklung in den Grundgebirgsaufschlüssen von Bir Safsaf, Gebel el Asr und Gebel Umm Shâghir ist vergleichbar und das gesamte Gebiet wird als Teil des Ostsaharakratons angesehen.

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Résumé Cette note fait état des résultats de recherches menées dans les aires d'affleurement du socle pré-cambrien de Bir Safsaf, du Jebel al Asr et du Jebel Umm Shâghir, dans le désert occidental d'Egypte; ces recherches ont consisté en l'étude des structures, particulèrement des fabriques des axes c du quartz, combinée avec une étude pétrologique. Les roches sont essentiellement des migmatites accompagnées de zones de mylonites locales. La schistosité et les plans de cisaillement y sont orientés WNW-ESE; elles présentent des plis ouverts dont les axes sont NE-SW à N-S. L'étude des structures de recristallisation et des paragenèses minérales fournit une estimation des conditions (p,t) au cours des stades successifs de l'évolution métamorphique. Ces conditions s'échelonnent du faciès des granulites jusqu'à celui des schistes verts. Les fabriques des axes c du quartz sont les mÊmes dans les migmatites et les mylonites (fabrique à «ceintures croisées»), mais ces roches présentent des orientations régionales différentes de l'ellipsoÏde des déformations. L'événement métamorphique principal à caractère migmatitique a été suivi de la formation de couloirs de cisaillement (shear-zones). L'évolution géologique du socle est comparable dans les trois aires étudiées; l'ensemble est considéré comme faisant partie du craton du Sahara oriental.

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, Bir Safsaf, Gebel el Asr Gebel Umm Shâghir, . . WNW-ESE, — NE-SW N-S. , . . / Kreuzgü rtelregelung /, . . Bir Safsaf, Gebel el Asr Gebel Umm Shaghir , .