The equilibrium phase relations of a mafic durbachite (53 wt.% SiO2) from the Třebíč pluton, representative of the Variscan ultrapotassic magmatism of the Bohemian Massif (338–335 Ma), have
been determined as a function of temperature (900–1,100°C), pressure (100–200 MPa), and H2O activity (1.1–6.1 wt.% H2O in the melt). Two oxygen fugacity ranges were investigated: close to the Ni–NiO (NNO) buffer and 2.6 log unit above NNO
buffer (∆NNO + 2.6). At 1,100°C, olivine is the liquidus phase and co-crystallized with phlogopite and augite at 1,000°C for
the whole range of investigated pressure and water content in the melt. At 900°C, the mineral assemblage consists of augite
and phlogopite, whereas olivine is not stable. The stability field of both alkali feldspar and plagioclase is restricted to
low pressure (100 MPa) at nearly water-saturated conditions (<3–4 wt.% H2O) and T < 900°C. A comparison between experimental products and natural minerals indicates that mafic durbachites have a near-liquidus
assemblage of olivine, augite, Ti-rich phlogopite, apatite and zircon, followed by alkali feldspar and plagioclase, similar
to the mineral assemblage of minette magma. Natural amphibole, diopside and orthopyroxene were not reproduced experimentally
and probably result from sub-solidus reactions, whereas biotite re-equilibrated at low temperature. The crystallization sequence
olivine followed by phlogopite and augite reproduces the sequence inferred in many mica-lamprophyre rocks. The similar fractionation
trends observed for durbachites and minettes indicate that mafic durbachites are probably the plutonic equivalents of minettes
and that K- and Mg-rich magmas in the Bohemian Massif may have been generated from partial melting of a phlogopite–clinopyroxene-bearing
metasomatized peridotite. Experimental melt compositions also suggest that felsic durbachites can be generated by simple fractionation
of a more mafic parent and mixing with mantle-derived components at mid crustal pressures. 相似文献
RésuméLes inondations des dernières années en Afrique de l’Ouest rendent nécessaire la prévision hydrologique pour réduire la vulnérabilité des populations. Nous avons étudié la dynamique des crues dans le bassin du Mono en amont du barrage de Nangbéto (Togo et Bénin) par des méthodes statistiques et déterministes. L’augmentation des précipitations au cours de la décennie 1990 et la mise en eau du barrage de Nangbéto en 1988 ont modifié le régime du Mono, dont les débits d’étiages ont augmenté. Les débits entrants et sortants du barrage sont équivalents, même lors des crues. Les maximums annuels des débits entrants peuvent être modélisés par une distribution des valeurs extrêmes (GEV) de type Fréchet, tandis que ceux des débits sortants, suivent une loi GEV de type Weibull (bornée). Le mécanisme dominant de génération des crues dans le bassin est la montée progressive des eaux associée à l’augmentation de la saturation des sols. L’analyse des débits de crue entre 1988 et 2010 n’a pas montré d’augmentation de la magnitude ou de la fréquence des crues. Le modèle GR4J reproduit bien les débits de crues en période calage, mais ces critères de performance se dégradent lorsque l’on s’en éloigne. Dans ces conditions, l’utilisation de ce modèle pour évaluer les risques futurs de crues serait hasardeuse et il est nécessaire d’envisager d’autres types d’approches. 相似文献
The spectral characteristics of the δ18O isotopic ratio time series of the Quelccaya ice cap summit core are investigated with the multi taper method (MTM), the
singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and the wavelet transform (WT) techniques for the 500 y long 1485–1984 period. The most significant
(at the 99.8% level) cycle according to the MTM F-test has a period centered at 14.4 y while the largest variance explaining
oscillation according to the SSA technique has a period centered at 12.9 y. The stability over time of these periods is investigated
by performing evolutive MTM and SSA on the 500 y long δ18O series with a 100 y wide moving window. It is shown that the cycles with largest amplitude and that the oscillations with
largest extracting variance have corresponding periods aggregated around 13.5 y that are very stable over the period between
1485 and 1984. The WT of the same isotopic time series reveals the existence of a main oscillation around 12 y which are also
very stable in time. The relation between the isotopic data at Quelccaya and the annual sea surface temperature (SST) field
anomalies is then evaluated for the overlapping 1919–1984 period. Significant global correlation and significant coherency
at 12.1 y are found between the isotopic series and the annual global sea surface temperature (GSST) series. Moreover, the
correlation between the low (over 8 y) frequency component of the isotopic time series and the annual SST field point out
significant values in the tropical North Atlantic. This region is characterized by a main SST variability at 12.8 y. The Quelccaya
δ18O isotopic ratio series may therefore be considered as a good recorder of the tropical North Atlantic SSTs. This may be explained
by the following mechanism: the water vapor amount evaporated by the tropical North Atlantic is function of the SST. So is
the water vapor δ18O isotopic ratio. This water vapor is advected during the rainy season by northeast winds and precipitates at the Quelccaya
summit with its tropical North Atlantic isotopic signature. It is also suggested from this described stability of the decadal
time scale variability observed in the Quelccaya isotopic series, that the decadal time scale GSST variability was also stable
during the last five centuries.
Received: 12 February 1997 / Accepted: 9 September 1997 相似文献
On September 7, 2017, at 23:49 h (local time), a Mw8.2 intermediate-depth normal-fault earthquake occurred in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, 133 km away from Pijijiapan, Chiapas, and about 700 km away from Mexico City. This event caused 95 fatalities and severe damage to different types of structures located close to the epicenter. The main objective of this work is to present observed damages caused in the state of Oaxaca by this earthquake, which were mainly concentrated in self-built houses and historical and ancient buildings. The locations visited by the reconnaissance team of the Institute of Engineering from UNAM in Oaxaca included Salina Cruz, Tehuantepec, Ixtaltepec, Juchitán, Huatulco and La Ventosa.
The global positioning system (GPS) is used increasingly to control horizontal and vertical displacement of large civil constructions.
The displacements can occur over varius time scales. For example, in case of the loading test of a bridge, the time span between
measurements is on the order of 30 min. The achievable precision in the vertical component and its relation to residual multiplath
effects become critically important in such aaplications. A multipath-to-noise ratio (MNR) on individual satellites is introduced
to quantify the multipath effects. ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
A new method for solving the transport equation based on the management of a large numbe of particles in a discretized 2-D domain is presented. The method uses numerical variables to represent the number of particles in a given mesh and is more complex than the 1-D problem. The first part of the paper focuses on the specific management of particles in a 2-D problem. The method also would be valid for three dimensions as long as the medium can be modeled similar to a layered system. As the particles are no longer tracked individually, the algorithm is fast and does not depend on the number of particles present. The numerical tests show that the method is nearly numerical dispersion free and permits accurate calculations even for simulations of low-concentration transport. Because each mesh is considered as a closed system between two successive time steps, it is easy to add adsorption phenomenon without any problem of numerical stability. The model is tested under conditions that are extremely demanding for its operating mode and gives a good fit to analytical solutions. The conditions in which it can be used to best advantage are discussed. 相似文献