Changing human-environment interactions in medium mountains: the Apuseni Mts (Romania) as a case study

The study of human-environment relationships in mountain areas is important for both theoretical and practical reasons, as many mountain areas suffer similar problems, such as depopulation, unemployment and natural hazards. Medium mountains constitute a special case within mountains, because they are more populated but less attractive as tourist destinations than high mountains. In this context, the Apuseni Mts (Romania) are considered as a case study. In this paper, we apply GIS-based, quantitative methods to characterize the strength and dynamics of human-environment interactions, taking into consideration some environmental factors (elevation, relative height, slope, river distance, lithology, land cover, natural attractions) as well as historical population and recent tourism data. We found that population density has strong (r ²>0.8) relationships with all relief factors (elevation, relative height, slope, river distance), and that best-fit functions are nonlinear. We outlined the varying demographic scenarios by elevation zones and interpreted the historically switching sign of population change versus elevation relationship. We demonstrated that lithology also has an impact on the spatial distribution of population, although it is not independent from the relief effect. The land cover of the mainly cultural landscape is very strongly correlated with relief parameters (especially slope), which suggests good adaptation. We pointed out the dominance of karst objects in the natural tourism potential of the Apuseni Mts and also explored further components of real tourism (spas, heritage, towns). Finally, we concluded that the environmental settings investigated do in fact constrain the spatial framework of society, but socio-economic changes in history can be explained from the side of society, which conforms to the theory of cultural possibilism.     

内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗土壤重金属生态风险与来源分析

【研究目的】新巴尔虎右旗地处呼伦贝尔草原深处,矿业活动频繁。了解该地区土壤中重金属来源以及生态风险是评估区域环境影响前提。【研究方法】本文系统采集了矿石、基岩及土壤样品共221件,测试并分析了Cd、Cr、As、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等7种重金属元素的含量。利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了重金属的污染程度和生态风险,并综合运用相关分析、主成分分析法判断了土壤重金属的来源。【研究结果】研究表明,新巴尔虎右旗土壤重金属污染以轻度为主,Cd、Ni、As、Cr、Pb元素均存在一定程度的污染,污染区域集中于甲查矿区、准乌兰诺尔、呼伦湖西北岸以及克鲁伦河中游。Cr、Ni、Hg主要受人类活动影响;Cd、Zn、Pb受到自然因素与人类活动共同影响,As主要受自然因素影响。【结论】总体来看,本区生态风险整体较低,以Cd对生态风险的贡献最为突出,在本区土壤质量监测中应受到重视。     

重庆及邻近地区地震烈度衰减关系分析与确定

利用海南岛及邻区17次地震的42条等震线数据,通过最小二乘法回归分析得到海南岛及邻区地震烈度衰减关系;这些资料符合海南岛历史和近代地震震害分布的地域性特点,可进一步应用于地震安全性评价、震害预测和快速评估损失等工作。     

2017年3月27日漾濞5.1级地震前后气枪震源观测走时数据的变化

以2017年3月27日漾濞5.1级地震为例,根据区域特性和信噪比要求,选取数据较为完整的6个台站记录的2017年1月1日～6月6日期间的宾川地震信号发射台气枪震源波形资料,采用互相关检测技术提取6个台站各自稳定震相的走时数据,并对漾濞5.1级地震前后走时数据的变化情况进行分析。结果表明,漾濞5.1级地震前后6个台站各自稳定震相存在较为明显的走时变化,且短期内走时变化具有较好的同步性,相关台站异常幅度大小和异常出现时间存在细小差异。地震发生前,6个台站走时低值异常过程明显,以YUL台最为显著。地震发生前后走时变化形态特征为双“V”型,漾濞5.1级地震发生在第1个“V”型末端。地震发生后,不同方位相关台站受地震的影响程度不同,走时波动大小存在差异。     

基于二维散射变换的湖相碳酸盐岩储层厚度预测方法研究

济阳坳陷沙四段湖相碳酸盐岩受湖盆内沉积环境和构造运动等因素控制, 储层厚度变化大, 非均质性强, 油气开发难度大.为了准确预测湖相碳酸盐岩储层的厚度, 本文提出一种基于二维散射变换和随机森林的储层厚度预测方法.首先, 引入二维散射变换提取地震时频属性, 该变换是在二维小波变换的基础上, 通过迭代小波分解和非线性操作来实现的.与传统的二维小波变换对比, 散射变换提取的时频属性具有局部形变稳定性以及对噪声鲁棒性的优点, 有助于提高储层厚度预测的准确率.在此基础上, 在有限测井数据的条件下, 利用随机森林算法建立多尺度时频属性与测井解释厚度之间的非线性关系, 实现湖相碳酸盐岩储层预测.模型数据的预测结果表明, 与基于传统地震振幅属性的厚度预测和基于二维小波变换的储层厚度预测对比, 本文所提的厚度预测方法具有最优的性能.叠后三维地震数据的预测结果表明, 与基于传统地震振幅属性的厚度预测和基于二维小波变换的储层厚度预测对比, 本文所提方法的厚度预测结果与实际钻井数据误差更小, 提高了储层厚度预测的精度, 清晰刻画了灰礁、灰滩与灰泥等三种沉积亚相的空间展布, 有利于后续井位部署和优化.

     

漠河盆地西部二十二站组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其物源意义

大兴安岭北部漠河盆地内广泛发育二十二站组,其形成时代及物质来源一直以来备受争议.本文在野外地质调查及岩相学的基础上,利用碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法测年,并结合岩石地球化学等方法,探讨了二十二站组形成时代、物源区大地构造环境及沉积物来源.测年结果显示132个测点年龄主要分布在4个群落,分别为508.3～492.3 Ma;486.9～435.5 Ma;278.3～254.2 Ma;209.5～178.1 Ma.本次获得二十二站组最小碎屑锆石年龄为178.1 Ma,并结合漠河盆地东西部碎屑锆石的年龄,综合认为二十二站组形成时代应为中晚侏罗世.地球化学分析结果显示,二十二站组砂岩的稀土元素与活动大陆边缘的稀土元素曲线吻合较好,且相对亏损高场强元素(Nb和Ta)和大离子亲石元素(Ba和Sr),相对富集高场强元素(La、Th、Zr、Hf),地球化学特征与活动大陆边缘相似.综合古流向、源区母岩分析、碎屑锆石测年分析、微量元素特征等诸多因素,本次研究认为本区二十二站组砂岩的母岩主要来源于盆地南缘广泛分布的前中生代沉积-变质基底(兴华渡口岩群、佳疙瘩组、额尔古纳河组等)及各期中酸性火成岩.     

U–Pb geochronology of gneisses and granitoids from the Danish island of Bornholm: new evidence for 1.47–1.45 Ga magmatism at the southwestern margin of the East European Craton

The Danish island of Bornholm is located at the southwestern margin of the Fennoscandian Shield, and features exposed Precambrian basement in its northern and central parts. In this paper, we present new U–Pb zircon and titanite ages for granites and orthogneisses from 13 different localities on Bornholm. The crystallization ages of the protolith rocks all fall within the range 1,475–1,445 Ma (weighted average ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages of zircon). Minor age differences, however, may imply a multi-phase emplacement history of the granitoid complex. The presence of occasional inherited zircons (with ages of 1,700–1,800 Ma) indicates that the Bornholm granitoids were influenced by older crustal material. The east–west fabric observed in most of the studied granites and gneisses, presumably originated by deformation in close connection with the magmatism at 1,470–1,450 Ma. Most titanite U–Pb ages fall between 1,450 and 1,430 Ma, reflecting post-magmatic or post-metamorphic cooling. Granitoid magmatism at ca. 1.45 Ga along the southwestern margin of the East European Craton has previously been reported from southern Sweden and Lithuania. The ages obtained in this study indicate that the Bornholm magmatism also was part of this Mesoproterozoic event.     

Assessing the impacts of rainfall intensity and urbanization on storm runoff in an arid catchment

In the past few decades, rapid urbanization has occurred in many regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to increasing population and urban development. Additionally, the effects of global warming on rainfall characteristics have been observed. This rapid change in urbanization and climate change has cause significant changes in the nature of land surfaces and rainfall patterns, which affect the runoff process and the amount of surface runoff during floods. This study investigated the effect of urbanization and rainfall intensity for Hafr Al-Batin watershed located in Saudi Arabia. For this purpose, a hydrologic model, HEC-HMS, was adopted to simulate the flow of different rainfall intesities and urbanization levels. Simulated results showed that for a 100-year storm, a 24-h duration, and an urbanization level of 80%, the peak flow was 213% higher than the estimated current peak and the runoff volume was 112% higher than the current runoff volume. These results show a strong linear correlation between the level of urbanization and both peak discharge and runoff volume. Furthermore, the results indicate that for short return periods, the peak flow is more sensitive to the level of urbanization compared to long periods.     

山东中新世山旺组生物群的古生态

山东临朐产出的中新世山旺组化石群,保存精美、属种分异度高。50多年来,经发掘和研究,目前已从约30余米的硅藻页岩沉积中报导了真菌、硅藻、介形虫、孢粉、昆虫、鱼类、两栖动物、爬行类、鸟类、哺乳动物及遗迹化石等十几个门类的化石,共计400余属700多种。本文总结了化石与周围无机界的关系、化石的埋藏特征、形成原因以及相关古生态学问题――古气候、古温度、古纬度、古地形、山旺湖的水文性质、湖水的季节性变化与硅藻页岩的纹层、动植物群的营养结构以及山旺盆地的沉积历史。     

昆仑山8.1级地震前中国大陆的构造应变背景

利用“网络工程”1998～2001年累积的1181个测站的GPS重复观测资料，采用双三次样条函数模型建立中国大陆水平运动模型速度场，用大地坐标在椭球面上计算各类应变场，详细分析了2001年昆仑山8．1级地震前中国大陆水平构造应变场空间分布特征。各类构造应变场的最高值都出现在喜马拉雅构造带与昆仑山地块内(地震断裂带南侧)，鲜水河—安宁河断裂带次之。分析表明，昆仑山8．1级地震正好发生在张性面膨胀应变率的高值区，第一、第二和最大剪应变率高值区边缘的突变区和最大、最小主应变率的高值区。