Modeling Clam-inspired Burrowing in Dry Sand using Cavity Expansion Theory and DEM

Acta Geotechnica - The Atlantic razor clam exhibits exceptional penetration performance in wet sands by periodically expanding and contracting its shell and foot during burrowing. Essentially, this...     

Numerical simulation of seepage flow field in groundwater source heat pump system and its influence on temperature field

Energy utilization in the aquifers is a new technology closely related to development of heat pump technique. It is significant for the flow distribution to be predicted in the aquifer surrounding the Groundwater Source Heat Pump System （GSHPS）. The authors presented a new concept of ＂flow transfixion＂ by analyzing general features of aquifers, and then discussed interaction of the flow transfixion with the beat transfixion, which has practical significance to projects. A numerical model of groundwater flow was established based on the basic tenets of water-heat transferring in the aquifer. On this basis the flow field and the temperature field of GSHPS for a site in Shenyang City were numerically simulated. The basis of the flow transfixion was obtained; it was discussed for the influence of the flow transfixion on the heat transfixion. To a certain extent, the study offers some reference for the projects＇ design of GSHP in the studied area.     

Large-scale Tazhong Ordovician Reef-flat Oil-Gas Field in the Tarim Basin of China

The Tazhong reef-flat oil-gas field is the first large-scale Ordovician organic reef type oil-gas field found in China. Its organic reefs were developed in the early Late Ordovician Lianglitag Formation, and are the first large reefs of the coral-stromatoporoid hermatypic community found in China. The organic reefs and platform-margin grain banks constitute a reef-flat complex, mainly consisting of biolithites and grainstones. The biolithites can be classified into the framestone, bafflestone, bindstone etc. The main body of the complex lies around the wells from Tazhong-24 to Tazhong-82, trending northwest, with the thickness from 100 to 300 m, length about 220 km and width 5-10 km. It is a reef-flat lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir, with a very complex hydrocarbon distribution: being a gas condensate reservoir as a whole with local oil reservoirs. The hydrocarbon distribution is controlled by the reef complex, generally located in the upper 100-200 m part of the complex, and largely in a banded shape along the complex. On the profile, the reservoir shows a stratified feature, with an altitude difference of almost 2200 m from southeast to northwest. The petroleum accumulation is controlled by karst reservoir beds and the northeast strike-slip fault belt. The total geologic reserves had reached 297.667 Mt by 2007.     

Structure,Orientation and Finite Element Analysis of the Tail Club of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis

Abstract: The structure and orientation of the posterior extremity (tail club) of the caudal vertebrae of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis Young and Chao, 1972 from the Upper Jurassic Shangshaximiao Formation has been analyzed to determine the tail club function using Finite Element Analysis. Of the four caudal vertebrae composing the tail club, the second largest (C"1") was probably the most proximal, and is fixed with the preceding sequence of the caudal vertebrae, whereas the smallest (C"4") is free and forms the termination of the tail club. Our analysis also suggests that the tail club is more efficient in lateral swinging rather than up-and-down motion, and that the best region for the tail club to impact is at the spine of the largest of the four caudals (C"2"), with a maximum load for impact at about 450 N. The tail club of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis probably also had limitations as a defense weapon and was more possibly a sensory organ to improve nerve conduction velocity to enhance the capacity for sensory perception of its surroundings.     

Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy of a Back-Arc Basin： A Case Study of the Qom Formation in the Kashan Area, Central Iran

The Qom Formation comprises Oligo-Miocene deposits from a marine succession distributed in the Central Basin of Iran. It is composed of five members designated as A-F. Little previous work exists on the sequence stratigraphy. Based on an integrated study of sequence stratigraphy with outcrop data, wells and regional seismic profiles, the Qom Formation is interpreted as a carbonate succession deposited in a mid-Tertiary back-arc basin. There are two second-order sequences (designated as SS1 and SS2) and five third-order sequences (designated as S1-S5). Five distinct systems tracts including transgressive, highstand, forced regressive, slope margin and lowstand have been recognized. The relationship between the sequences and lithologic sub-units has been collated and defined (S1 to S5 individually corresponding to A-C1, C2-C4, D-E, the lower and upper portions of F); a relative sea level change curve and the sequence stratigraphic framework have been established and described in detail. The coincidence of relative sea level change between that of the determined back-arc basin and the world indicates that the sedimentary cycles of the Qom Formation are mainly controlled by eustatic cycles. The variable combination of the systems tracts and special tectonic-depositional setting causally underpin multiple sequence stratigraphic framework styles seen in the carbonates of the back-arc basin revealing: (1) a continental margin basin that developed some form of barrier, characterized by the development of multiple cycles of carbonate-evaporites; (2) a flat carbonate ramp, which occurred on the southern shelf formed by the lack of clastic supply from nearby magmatic islands plus mixed siliciclastics and carbonates that occurred on the northern shelf due to a sufficient clastics supply from the land; and (3) a forced regressive stratigraphic stacking pattern that occured on the southern shelf and in basin lows due to the uplifting of the southern shelf. Thick and widespread aggradational framework limestone usually occurs in the initial sequences (S1 and S3) of the supersequence, which led to preferential oil reservoir deposition but a lack of source and cap rocks, whereas the retrogradational and progradational framework limestone usually occurs in the later sequences (S2 and S4-S5) of the supersequence, which results in two perfect sets of source, reservoir and cap rock assemblies, so that the limestone in sub-member C2-C4 and the F-Member can be predicted as important objects for oil exploration.     

夏—冬海气热力遥相关及其在长期天气预报中的应用(Ⅱ)

本文在已揭示的夏季(6、7、8月)海洋与冬季(12、1、2月)大气的热力遥相关联系的基础上,通过参数化形成了相应的数学模型,从夏季6月海洋与冬季1月大气的热力预报方程出发,分析了海气非同步影响函数的时间变异性,确定了数学模型的稳定性,由此进行了北半球500hPa月平均大气非绝热热流量距平、温度距平的长期预报试验。非独立和独立预报表明:利用海气热力遥相关的长期天气预报方法具有一定的预报能力和潜力。     

成都盆地浅层土壤中F来源分析

对成都盆地3061个浅层土壤样品以元素为变量进行F回归分析，在回归模型的基础上进行因子分析，并选取因子载荷较大的元素作为特征元素组合。在结合元素地球化学性质、区域地质背景和因子得分等值线图的基础上，根据特征元素组合来研究F的来源。研究结果表明：①成都盆地浅层土壤中F的来源有6种，其中岷江流经地区出露的酸性岩浆岩、碱性岩和龙门山前陆盆地上三叠统、侏罗系、白垩系沉积岩系是成都盆地浅层土壤中F的主要来源；②F在表生作用过程中显著地发生了迁移，岷江冲积扇成为其富集的“储库”；③自然作用对成都盆地浅层土壤中F的分布特征有显著的影响。     

川滇黔桂地区志留纪构造－岩相古地理

晚奥陶世与早志留世之间的都匀运动，使滇中古隆起与黔中古隆起成为一整体隆起带（习惯上称黔中古陆），把滇东南和黔南与滇东北-黔北-川南分隔为南、北两个不同的构造沉积域。南侧的曲靖一带出露下、中寒武统，其上分别与中、上志留统和下泥盆统呈假整合，其间缺失奥陶纪和早志留世的沉积物。北侧的禄劝－武定一带，下古生界的沉积序列与之相反，有完整的奥陶纪沉积组合，上与泥盆系假整合，其间无志留纪的沉积。这表明黔中古陆两侧的沉积域各为独立的系统。中晚志留世，黔中古隆起南侧应归属于上扬子与滇黔桂地块前陆挠曲盆地的一部分，由曲靖向北东经赫章哑都-贵阳南转向湘西，向南则与云南的绿春海相连，黔中古隆起北侧的沉积域则为上扬子前陆（川南-黔北）盆地的边缘相。     

关于1933年叠溪7.5级地震若干问题的讨论

１９３３ 年叠溪７５ 级地震是本世纪发生于青藏高原东缘的重大事件。对这次地震, 不同部门曾进行考察, 但给出的等烈度线图有着明显的分歧, 这一分歧意味着对该次地震发震构造认识的不同。本文基于对该次地震的震害特征、震中位置、震中区地质构造环境以及发震构造的讨论, 认为南北向的活动断裂有可能是该次地震的发震构造, 而该活动断裂可能是岷江断裂的南延。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘前陆冲断带二叠纪逆冲断裂活动的沉积响应

笔者从160口单井剖面、15条联井剖面及5个层位平面渐次展开了准噶尔西北缘前陆冲断带二叠纪逆冲断裂活动的沉积响应研究。各种成因扇体(冲积扇、水下扇、扇三角洲)在佳木河组和上乌尔禾组地层中最为发育，其沉积分布严格受不同时期活动的同生断裂控制。由早二叠世佳木河期至晚二叠世上乌尔禾期，扇体在克拉玛依-夏子街地区叠置程度较好，由盆缘向盆内迁移、推进明显；在车排子中拐地区叠置程度相对较差，局部略呈向盆缘老山收缩、后退趋势，表明红山嘴车排子断裂带与克拉玛依-百口泉断阶带、乌尔禾-夏子街断褶带逆冲活动的强度及地域迁移性有明显差异。二叠纪总体为一由弱到强的前展式推覆冲断及渐进式扇体迁移模式，即随同生控扇断裂由老山向盆缘的前展式推覆活动，相应地，各构造带扇体逐渐由盆缘向盆地方向发育、推进，扇体面积不断扩大，显示出明显的渐进式迁移的沉积响应，两者形成良好的耦合性。进而引入“活动性指数”的概念与方法，对前陆冲断带同生断裂的冲断活动强度进行了定量化统计分析，据二叠纪冲断推覆事件的地层、沉积标识，识别出3个逆冲推覆幕、7个逆冲推覆事件，划分出P1j-P1f、P2x—P2w、P3w三套构造层序，并指出在P1f、P2x及P2 3w各时期，由红山嘴-车排子→克拉玛依-百口泉→乌尔禾-夏子街构造带，同生断裂活动性趋于增强；在乌尔禾-夏子街断褶带，由早二叠世佳木河期到中、晚二叠世乌尔禾期，冲断推覆强度逐渐增大。