基于快速傅里叶方法的地震前兆振幅谱分析

利用FFT方法,对地电、地磁、形变及重力等前兆时间序列信号进行分析,结果显示,宝昌地震台及乌加河地震台地电两测向日均值时间序列存在3个主要谐波分量,其中周期近一年的分量物理意义明确.FFT方法在精确确定前兆时间序列中的干扰信息周期时具有较好的效果.     

一种用于标定工业CT设备点云提取精度的配准及评价算法

基于工业CT测量数据的逆向建模技术广泛应用于军事、汽车制造、航空、航天等领域。目前,在基于工业CT点云数据的逆向重构精度验证和标定上,国内外缺少相关研究。本文提出了一种用于标定工业CT设备点云提取精度的配准及评价算法。基于CT扫描和三维光学扫描点云数据,在研究多种配准算法的基础上,总结手动选点粗配准和自动全局精配准相结合的配准算法:手动选择三个匹配点,利用坐标变换完成粗配准;用ICP算法完成自动精配准,并利用修正的Hausdorff距离为目标函数来评价配准结果。对基于七参数法和ICP算法的计算步骤做了详细说明,并赋以实例。最后,以自行设计的标准件为例,获得CT测量设备点云提取精度标定值,验证配准流程的适用性。      

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城市居民认知距离透视认知变形——以北京市为例

对距离的认知是人类建立认知空间框架的重要基础.本文在相关研究的基础上,对认知距离的特点进行了分析,提出从数量认知距离与实际认知距离两种分析角度来分析这一概念.通过分别利用定义一元线性回归.与采用多维标度法(MDS)及二维回归(BR),对认知距离的标量变形和向量变形进行定量分析.在此基础上,以北京市为例,对北京市居民进行抽样调查.通过认知心理学实验的方式,令被试估计城市主要地标两两之间的距离.对实验结果分别将上述方法应用于计算北京市居民在标量变形和向量变形的定量化表示,并进一步通过方差分析(ANOVA)讨论了影响北京市居民对城市距离认知变形的因素,包括年龄、居住地区等.     

东准库布苏南岩体微量元素特征及构造意义

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区库布苏南岩体以花岗闪长岩为主,稀土元素和微量元素地球化学研究表明,具有轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,随酸度的增加,óREE增加,?Eu值显著降低(1.03～0.25),K,Rb,Th大离子亲石元素明显富集,Rb,Th等不相容元素呈正异常,Ba,Zr等元素形成明显的谷.结合东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区晚古生代构造-岩浆演化过程分析,岩体形成于卡拉麦里造山带的大陆主碰撞后初始拉张阶段(300±10) Ma,属于后碰撞花岗岩.布苏南岩体记录了东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区"软碰撞"后陆内均衡调整过程,为建立东准噶尔地区构造格架和恢复岩浆演化事件提供了最有力的证据.     

天山北麓流域面积高度积分特征及其构造意义

提取了天山北麓河流水系流域的常规地貌计量指标（盆地大小、面积和高差）以及面积高度积分,通过对流域面积高度积分曲线形态特征、面积高度积分值的分析,结合区域地质构造活动,探讨了面积高度积分对板内再生造山带新构造活动的指示意义以及天山北麓流域的地貌发育过程。研究表明,北天山流域的次集水盆地面积高度积分与次集水盆地的面积和高差都没有相关性,堆积作用和轻微构造抬升作用都会影响冲积扇区次集水盆地,使其面积高度积分值偏高。河流面积高度积分曲线形态和面积高度积分值在空间分布上的差异,反映了天山北麓3排逆断裂褶皱带的不同的构造活动特征。面积高度积分曲线的循环形态特征,揭示了强烈构造运动与河流剥蚀作用影响面积高度曲线形态发育的动态演绎过程。     

Sap-flow measurement and scale transferring from sample trees to entire forest stand of Populus euphratica in desert riparian forest in extreme arid region

Understanding how the transpiration of this vegetation type responds to environmental stress is important for determining the wa-ter-balance dynamics of the riparian ecosystem threatened by groundwater depletion. Transpiration and sap flow were measured using the heat-pulse technique. The results were then projected up to the stand level to investigate the stand’s water-use in relation to climate forcing in the desert riparian forest in an extreme arid region. This study took place from April through October 2003 and from May through October 2004. The experimental site was selected in the Populus euphratica Forest Reserve (101o10’ E, 41o59’ N) in Ejina county, in the lower Heihe River basin, China. The sapwood area was used as a scalar to extrapolate the stand-water consumption from the whole trees’ water consumption measured by the heat-pulse velocity recorder (HPVR). Scale transferring from a series of individual trees to a stand was done according to the existing natural variations between trees under given environmental conditions. The application of the biometric parameters available from individual tree and stand levels was proved suitable for this purpose. A significant correlation between the sapwood area and tree diameter at breast height (DBH) was found. The prediction model is well fitted by the power model. On the basis of the prediction model, the sapwood area can be cal-culated by DBH. The sap-flow density can then be used to extrapolate the stand-water use by means of a series of mathematical models.     

矢量地形图要素边线直角化方法研究

针对矢量地形图数据中要素边线直角化问题,分析了最小二乘法的优缺点,提出了最小二乘法以外的一种新的解决方案--边线中点固定算法,该方法的优势在于算法模型简洁、运算速度快,适用于大数据量的处理和运算。本文详细描述了该解决方案的实现过程,并分析了其存在的不足和适用范围。     

Features and genesis of micro-nanometer-sized grains on shear slip surface of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

In coseismic surface rupture zones caused by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, some thin-layered fault gouges with strong deformation were observed in different locations. In this paper, fault gouge samples were taken as research objects from the Bajiaomiao village in the south-west segment of the principal rupture and the Heshangping village and the Shaba village in the north-east segment of the principal rupture where larger displacements were measured. Fabric characteristics of the fault gouge samples and the morphologies and structures of micro-nanometer grains on Y-shear surfaces were then analyzed by using a stereoscope and SEM. Observation results showed that obvious Y- and R-shears and obvious scratches were well developed in coseismic gouges caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Micro-nanometer grains in the fault gouge of the Wenhcuan earthquake were formed mainly due to breaking, grinding, and powdering of fault slipping friction surface. Heat caused by fault slipping (maybe also including heat caused by thermal decomposition) played an important role in producing micro-nanometer sized grains. Existence occurrence state of micro-nanometer sized grains on fault slip surface includes singled grains and their complexes with shapes of ball, silkworm, pancake and mass. The structures mainly include dispersed and close-packed structures besides a few of striped and layered structures. All these structures were formed at the extreme unbalance conditions caused by rapid deforming during an earthquake. There always exist some voids between structures due to loosely contact. Only alienated grains are included in the stripped structure. But there are some singled grains with no deformation in dispersed and close-packed structures besides complexes of grains with morphologies of ball, silkworm, pancake and mass. The striped and close-packed structures are the results of plastic deformation, and the dispersed and layered structures are the results of brittle deformation whereas loose contact of different structures was caused mainly by discontinuous dynamic friction (fault stick-slipping). The structures of the micro-nanometer sized grains in coseismic fault gouge caused by the Wenchuan earthquake are the geological records of seismic fault slipping (it is not pseudotachylite), which could be used as an index of paleo-seismic events.     

毛乌素沙地现代流动沙丘沙的矿物成分

对毛乌素沙地16个现代流动沙丘沙样品矿物分析结果进行归纳与研究.结果显示:(1)毛乌素沙地现代流动沙丘沙轻矿物占绝对优势,平均含量为94.8%,以石英、长石为主;重矿物所占比例很小,平均含量为1.6%,但种类较多,共含22种重矿物.(2)重矿物中2/3以上属硅酸盐类矿物,其含量前三的为角闪石、绿帘石、石榴子石;(3)重矿物以不稳定矿物和较稳定矿物占较高比例,绝大多数为硅酸盐类矿物,分别为100%和98.75%;(4)重矿物中硬矿物和极硬矿物含量高达80.17%,分别为61.57%和18.60%.结果还显示,轻矿物石英/长石含量比值(平均值为6.10)和重矿物矿物风化系数(平均值3.89)都较高,重矿物中造岩矿物(平均值26.7%)含量占近1/3.由此,并考虑到高含量的硬-极硬的重矿物的存在,表明其沉积时属于气候干冷、生物化学风化作用较弱的强风沙流环境.本文除证明了高含量的不稳定矿物和较稳定矿物与气候干旱具有本质上的联系外,还说明了干旱环境下沙丘沙中多种类、高含量的硬-极硬矿物的存在,极大地抑制了物理风化和生物化学两个方面的风化的难度,从而使其向土壤化根本逆转也很难.即使沙丘得以固定,由于其丘体的这种矿物组分,仍然难以消除潜在沙漠化的客观存在,故土地沙漠化引起生态环境的退化实际上也与沙丘沙碎屑矿物的物理性质具有本质上的联系.因此,干冷多风的气候条件及其导致的沙丘沙所具有的物质组成的特殊性应该是土地沙漠化的两个不可或缺的原因.