Grain-size reduction of feldspar and flow of deformed granites within the Gaoligong shear zone,southwestern Yunnan,China

Mineral deformation and rock flow mechanism in the lithosphere are related to the rheological behavior and weakening mechanism of the continent. Natural deformation behaviors of feldspars are not well understood due to the complexity of their mineral compositions, crystal structures, as well as changing deformation conditions. The refined microstructure,fabric and composition of major minerals in the deformed granitic rocks within the Gaoligong shear zone(GLGSZ), southwestern Yunnan, China, were studied. With increasing mylonitization, two fabric types of end-members have been distinguished(type-I banded granitic mylonite and type-II banded ultramylonite). The two types of deformed granitic rocks have the same mineral assemblage, but different mineral modes. The type-I banded granitic mylonite has a greater proportion of K-feldspar(mostly present as porphyroclasts)plagioclasequartz±biotite, however, the type-II banded ultramylonite has a greater proportion of fine-grained plagioclaseK-feldsparquartz±biotite. The crystallographic preferred orientation(CPO) patterns of quartz combined with two-feldspar geothermometer, confirm that the quartz grains in the type-I and type-II granitic rock have undergone high-temperature dislocation creep deformation. The K-feldspar grains in the matrix of type-II banded ultramylonite show a dominant(100) [010] slip system with dislocation creep recrystallization, while the fine-grained plagioclase grains present a weak CPO pattern with superplastic flow. The K-feldspar porphyroclasts show grain-size reduction associated with mineral composition and fabric transformation. The myrmekite formation with the fine-grained neocrystallization of plagioclase and quartz significally replaced the K-feldspar porphyroclasts. Finally, the fine-grained neocrystallization plagioclases were formed further into the high strain localized ultramylonites with superplastic flow.     

赤道东太平洋海温对东亚～西北太平洋温带气旋的影响

本文分析了东亚～西北太平洋较强温带气旋的气修特征及其与赤道东太平洋海温的关系。得出,厄尔尼诺年或厄尔尼诺持续年,较强温带气旋偏多的对应关系占找优势。但当副热带高压偏强时,则较强温带气旋偏少。     

Research on groundwater seepage through fault zones in coal mines

Hydrogeology Journal - Water inrush in coal mines is commonly linked to fault zones. Excavation of the coal seam can lead to new fractures in the associated fault zone. Many water inrush disasters...     

The response of bucket foundation under horizontal dynamic loading

The experimental investigation of the response of suction bucket foundation in fine sand layer under horizontal dynamic loading has been carried out. The developments of settlement and excess pore pressure of sand foundation have been mainly studied. It is shown that the sand surrounding the bucket softens or even liquefies at the first stage if the loading amplitude is over a critical value, at later stage, the bucket settles and the sand layer consolidates gradually. With the solidification of the liquefied sand layer and the settlement of the bucket, the movement of the sand layer and the bucket reach a stable state.     

Permeability Evolution and Rock Brittle Failure

This paper reports an experimental study of the evolution of permeability during rock brittle failure and a theoretical analysis of rock critical stress level. It is assumed that the rock is a strain-softening medium whose strength can be described by Weibull’s distribution. Based on the two-dimensional renormalization group theory, it is found that the stress level λ_c (the ratio of the stress at the critical point to the peak stress) depends mainly on the homogeneity index or shape parameter m in the Weibull’s distribution for the rock. Experimental results show that the evolution of permeability is closely related to rock deformation stages: the permeability has a rapid increase with the growth of cracks and their surface areas (i.e., onset of fracture coalescence point), and reaches the maximum at rock failure. Both the experimental and analytical results show that this point of rapid increase in permeability on the permeability-pressure curve corresponds to the critical point on the stress-strain curve; for rock compression, the stress at this point is approximately 80% of the peak strength. Thus, monitoring the evolution of permeability may provide a new means of identifying the critical point of rock brittle fracture.     

神经网络实时诊断与优化模型建模法——人工智能在钻井工程中的应用之二

提出了一些新的实时诊断和钻压优化模型建模方法———神经网络法,它们可以克服传统方法需要建立数学模型的缺陷,满足钻进过程控制对实时性的要求。给出了利用反向传播神经网络（ＢＰ网络） 进行实时诊断和建立钻压优化模型的方法。实际应用和计算机仿真研究表明：采用这些新方法可以实时地实现钻进过程的事故诊断,建立的模型不但能够满足自动送钻实时优化钻压的要求,而且也可以用于离线的钻压参数优选     

基于多源证据估算气候敏感度最新研究进展:IPCC AR6解读

本文依据政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第六次评估报告(AR6)第一工作组(WGI)报告第七章的内容,详细解读了基于多源证据对气候敏感度的估算,这些证据包括:过程理解、仪器记录、古气候数据和萌现约束。得到的结论是,多源证据支持平衡态气候敏感度(ECS)的中心估计值接近3 ℃,可能区间为2.5～4.0 ℃,非常可能区间为2.0～5.0 ℃;瞬态气候响应(TCR)的最佳估值为1.8 ℃,可能区间为1.4～2.2 ℃,非常可能区间为1.2～2.4 ℃。与之前历次IPCC评估报告相比,AR6关于气候敏感度的估算最为重要的创新之处为,它没有将气候模式结果当作唯一证据,而是仅仅给出第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)结果并与基于多源证据的综合评估结果进行了对比。通过对比发现,CMIP6关于ECS与TCR的平均值均高于第五次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)和AR6的综合评估结果。相比CMIP6,AR6综合了多个证据线有效地缩小了ECS的不确定范围。     

有效辐射强迫的概念及其最新估值:IPCC AR6解读

依据政府间气候变化专门委员会 (IPCC) 第六次评估报告 (AR6) 第一工作组 (WGI) 报告第七章的内容,详细介绍了AR6最新定义的有效辐射强迫 (ERF)及其计算方法,并给出了自工业革命以来 (1750—2019年) 各气候辐射强迫因子ERF的最佳估值。根据AR6的最新评估,工业革命以来总人为ERF的估值为2.72 (1.96～3.48) W·m^-2,相较于AR5 估计结果 (1750—2011年) 增长了0.43 W·m^-2。2011年后温室气体浓度的增加及其辐射效率的修正是造成总人为ERF增加的主要原因。自工业革命以来温室气体浓度变化造成的ERF为3.84 (3.46～4.22) W·m^-2,二氧化碳仍然是其中的最大贡献因素 (56％±16％)。而气溶胶的总ERF (气溶胶-辐射相互作用 (ERFari) 与气溶胶-云相互作用 (ERFaci) 的总和) 为-1.1(-1.7～-0.4) W·m^-2,其中ERFari贡献20％～25％,ERFaci贡献接近75％～80％。AR6中气溶胶的总ERF的估算相较于AR5在数值上有所增加,而不确定性有所减少。但由于没有考虑部分重要的调整过程,ERFaci仍然存在较大的不确定性。     

IPCC AR6对地球气候系统中反馈机制的新认识

气候反馈反映了气候系统内部对外界干扰的适应过程,在很大程度上影响对未来气候变化的预估。本文对政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第六次评估报告（AR6）中有关气候反馈的内容进行了梳理。相比第五次评估报告（AR5）,AR6对云反馈的认识有了较大提高,尤其是副热带海洋上空低云的反馈。AR6认为在高信度上云反馈参数为正值,即对气候变化起到一种放大效应。不过,云反馈的不确定范围在所有反馈机制中依然是最大的。除了普朗克反馈外,其他反馈机制（包括水汽、温度直减率、地表反照率、云、生物地球物理和非CO₂生物地球化学反馈）均在正值区间或零附近,总体上对气候变化起到放大效应。AR6对总的气候反馈的估计值为-1.16 W·m^-2·℃^-1,5%～95%的置信区间为[-1.81,-0.51] W·m^-2·℃^-1。随着气候平均态的增暖,气候反馈参数很可能会更靠近正值。