新疆城市规模分布与自然地理相关性分析

如何实现人口、城市规模和自然地理系统的协调及可持续发展,是城市化中人地关系面临的难题。以新疆91个县域单元为研究对象,基于研究区全域、六大地貌类型和七大水系分区3个空间维度,运用位序-规模法和人口Lorenz曲线法,对城市规模体系和人口分布格局量化分析,探究了新疆城市规模分布与地貌、水系空间分布的相关性。结果表明：（1） 地貌类型区系统规模分布相关系数为0.897,水系分区系统规模分布相关系数为0.951,表明城镇规模格局与水系地理因子关系更紧密。（2） 准噶尔盆地与天山北麓诸河区是2个突出的人口分布聚集单元,同时是地理类型高度叠加区,呈现出城市规模与自然地理结合的空间极化区。（3） 新疆各自然地理单元城市人口分布的异质性表现突出,地貌类型单元内人口集疏格局鲜明,水系分区单元内人口分布相对均衡,其中天山北麓诸河区人口集聚程度较高。总体来看,新疆城市人口规模区域差异特征显著,城市规模等级结构存在断层现象,城市体系发育不成熟,建议加强中等城市规模的发展,完善新疆全域的城市格局。     

土壤中氡浓度检测及其影响因素

综合相关文献研究,通过工程实例介绍土壤中氡气浓度的检测方法,对检测结果进行统计学分析,根据分析结果探讨不同土壤中氡浓度差异及其影响因素。结果显示:土壤孔隙度是影响土壤中氡气浓度的关键因素。不同类型的表层土壤,孔隙度不同,所含氡气浓度也不同。当表层土壤为房渣土、填土时,土质夯实,孔隙率低,氡浓度含量较低;表层土壤为粉土、粉质粘土时,土质较均匀,土层较疏松,孔隙度略大,土壤氡浓度大于前者;表层土壤为粉砂、细砂时,土层更为疏松,土壤中孔隙度再次增大,氡在土壤中有大量的存储空间,所含的氡浓度最大。因此,土壤的孔隙度大小影响氡从地下向地表渗透析出的难易程度,孔隙度越大氡越容易渗透其中,浓度就越高。     

台风尼伯特(1601)残留低压局地大暴雨成因分析

利用常规观气象观测资料、地面自动站资料、NCEP/FNL逐6h的1°×1°再分析资料、多普勒天气雷达和风廓线雷达资料及GPS-PWV资料等,对江苏南通2016年7月11日一次大暴雨到特大暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明:(1)该过程发生在台风尼伯特(1601号)残留低压、高空冷涡低槽和副热带高压共同作用的背景下;台风残留低压北侧倒槽顶部大的气旋性曲率和高空槽前减压导致低层苏南附近α中尺度低压生成,台风残留低压并入该低压,使低压发展,气压梯度加大,气压梯度力做功使动能增大,导致低空西南急流形成,利于暴雨发生;α中尺度低压内先后有D1、D2和D3等3个β中尺度低涡生成,其中D3造成了南通地区的大暴雨,中心位于南通大学附近,最大雨强达151.2mm·h~(-1)。(2)南通地区对流风暴触发后,降水的凝结潜热释放增强了对流风暴内的上升运动,促使低空中尺度偏东急流和其左前侧β中尺度低涡D3的形成和发展;之后,中层干冷空气入侵加强了对流不稳定和垂直风切变,使D3右侧多个低质心的γ中尺度单体风暴强烈发展且受低空风影响移动缓慢,强降水得以持续和跃增。(3)风垂直切变突增时间较强降水出现峰值时间早约30min,以及多普勒天气雷达径向速度的低空辐合(辐散)较对流风暴的发展(减弱)明显提前,对临近预报有一定的参考意义。     

一种基于欧拉角序列变换的影像外方位元素解算方法

IMU/DGPS组合导航定位可以获取传感器精确姿态位置数据,在低空遥感监测中具有重要应用。但是POS系统并不能直接输出影像的外方位元素,需要经过多次转换才能用于影像校正。针对不同POS系统输出航偏、俯仰、横滚角的轴序的不同,详细推导POS数据依据欧拉角序列进行余弦变换求解影像外方位元素的一般过程,并对ω-ψ-κ和Yaw-Pitch-Roll欧拉角序列作重要说明,且以NovAtel SPAN-CPT接收机为例证明该方法的正确性。     

青海祁漫塔格成矿带与虎头崖铜铅锌多金属矿床有关的二长花岗岩体热年代学研究

虎头崖铜铅锌多金属矿区是青海祁漫塔格地区较为典型的兼具内接触带矽卡岩亚型和外接触带矽卡岩亚型矿化的矿区,其岩浆侵入活动强烈,不同时代含碳酸盐岩的地层出露多,铁铜锡钼铅锌等金属成矿元素组合复杂,找矿潜力巨大。本次研究依据岩体热年代学理论,即岩体总能量与其规模成正比,规模愈大的岩体其热能量愈高,热效应愈大,冷速率相应愈低。冷速率通过同一岩体不同矿物的封闭温度计算得出。选取虎头崖矿区黑云母和斜长石两种矿物进行Ar-Ar年龄测定,样品HTY002黑云母和斜长石~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar坪年龄分别为(233.6±2.2)Ma和(231.5±1.3)Ma,样品HTY016黑云母和斜长石~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar坪年龄分别为(229.6±2.3)Ma和(219.3±1.8)Ma,样品HTY019黑云母和斜长石~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar坪年龄分别为(224.7±2.6)Ma和(222.2±2.2)Ma,计算得到二长花岗岩冷速率分别为57.14℃/Ma、11.65℃/Ma、48.00℃/Ma。当侵入岩体的成分相近时,其侵位时的单位热能可能差别很小,而岩体的总能量与其规模是成正比的,所以不同规模岩体的总能量是有差别的,规模愈大的岩体其热能量也愈高,与围岩达到平衡所需的时间愈长,热效应愈大,冷速率相应愈低。针对不同样品和不同矿物计算虎头崖矿区二长花岗岩体冷速率比较接近,其冷速率相对较快(介于11~57℃/Ma),可知其热效应较大,具有一定的成矿潜力。     

Research on auto-classification method of remote sensing images in mountainous areas—An application in Southwest of China

In mountainous areas, it is the undulant terrain, various types of geomorphic and land use that make the remote sensing images great metamorphism. Moreover, due to the elevation, there are many areas covered with shadow, clouds and snow that make the images more inaccurate. As a result, it would be very difficult to carry out auto-classification of RS images in these areas. The study took Southwest China as the case study area and the TM images, SPOT images as the basic information sources assisted by the auxiliary data of DEM, NDVI, topographical maps and soil maps to preprocess the images. After preprocessing by topographic correction and wiping off clouds, snow and shadows, all the image data were stacked together to form the images to be classified. Then, the research used segmentation technology and hierarchical method to extract the main types of land use in the area automatically. The results indicated that the qualitative accuracies of all types of land use extracted in Southwest China were above 90 percent, and the quantitative accuracies was above 86 percent. The goal of reducing workloads had been realized. Supported by the National Public Welfare Project on Environmental Protection (2007KYYW21), the Program of National Science and Technology research( 2006BAC01A01-05).     

中国周降雨量与相关海域周平均海面水温

应用旋转主成分分析和复变量莫莱特小波变换分析了1982～1995年中国境内实测周降雨量和1982～1994年美国环境预报中心周平均海面水温资料,研究其时空变化特征及其相互关系。结果表明:海面水温乃至降雨量的周年变化,主要源于太阳直射点在南北回归线之间的往复运动和海面云雾覆盖量及其相关联的季风周年变化;依降雨量的周年变化可将中国自然地分为12个降水区,从海气相互作用的角度来看其年际变化主要取决于太阳辐射强度、有效日照率和亚洲夏季风的年际变化;厄尔尼诺只对黄河河套北部和两广降水区年降雨量有较大影响;西太平洋暖池以东海面水温的年际变化仅对黄河河套北部年降雨量有一定影响。     

Assessing the influence of assimilating radar-observed radial winds on the simulation of a tropical cyclone

Observations by Doppler weather radar are crucial for nowcasting and short-time forecasting of severe weather events as they bring in refined information of the atmosphere. However, due to the inevitable noises and non-meteorological signals, they cannot be assimilated straightforwardly into a numerical model. In the present study, assimilation of the radial component of wind velocity observed by two Doppler radars is performed in the numerical simulation of Supertyphoon Rammasun (2014) just before its landfall. After several quality-control steps, the radar-observed radial velocities are de-aliased, noise-reduced and assimilated into the model to improve initial conditions for the high-resolution simulation. Results show that only when using global background error covariance matrix can the observational increment be properly assimilated into the model, correcting large-scale background steering flow and yielding a simulated track close to the observed one. However, little improvement is found in simulating the TC core-scale structures by the assimilation of radar velocity as compared to the radar-observed flow, primarily due to the insufficient spatial resolution of the model that may lead to the incorrect representation of the TC core structure and the rejection of some core-region observations during the data assimilation procedure. Moreover, assimilation-induced asymmetries consume a certain portion of mean kinetic energy, preventing the simulated Rammasun from axisymmetrization and thus intensification as compared with the non-assimilated experiment.     

应用广义S变换频谱分解技术识别松辽盆地三肇凹陷泉头组三-四段的河道砂体

松辽盆地三肇凹陷东部地区泉头组三-四段储层以河道砂岩为主,具有单层厚度薄、横向变化快等特点.本文将基于广义S变换的频谱分解技术应用于厚度为1～5 m的河道砂体的识别,取得了良好的效果.据此编制了研究区的河道砂体预测图,经钻井验证,证明它是对薄层河道砂体有较强识别能力的有效技术.