地震应急评估与决策指标体系的构建

地震应急的损失评估与决策工作是地震应急救援的基础,需要在基础数据的支持下,对震害损失和决策目标相关信息进行科学的预估.然而,灾情评估中存在基础数据精度不够高、内容不足、没有一个成体系的、完整的工作标准可遵循等问题.本文从应急决策的需求出发,构建了地震应急评估与决策指标体系,试图利用数据指标化的方法解决上述问题.     

国家地震灾情调查系统探讨

本文论述了我国目前地震灾情调查的现状以及地震应急所存在的问题,通过剖析这些问题,提出了我国地震灾情调查系统的框架设计,并详细介绍了国家地震安全社会服务工程项目中已实现的地震灾情调查系统.同时,考虑到新型技术发展所带来的机遇,对国家地震灾情调查平台的手段进行了更深入的拓展讨论.     

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基于空间自相关的湖北省耕地压力时空演变特征

借助耕地压力指数模型和空间自相关分析法定量测算了1999—2011年湖北省17个行政单元的耕地压力指数并分析了空间差异特征。结果表明:1999—2011年湖北省耕地压力呈弱倒"U"型,根据耕地压力指数的时序变化可将17个单元分为持续拉升区、和缓保持区、平稳下降区;1999—2011年的Moran’s I值表明湖北省耕地压力具有较明显的空间聚集特征,2001年Moran’s I值最高,2005年Moran’s I值最低;2011年17个单元的局部自相关指数表明湖北省各行政单元的耕地压力在空间上也具有一定的集聚或分异特征,尤其是以武汉市为中心形成了一个湖北省耕地压力的热点(高峰)地区。研究结果对制定湖北省区域空间发展战略、因地制宜地兼顾粮食安全和经济发展对土地的需求具有重要的参考意义。     

Assessing urban flood and drought risks under climate change,China

Risk analysis of urban flood and drought can provide useful guidance for urban rainwater management. Based on an analysis of urban climate characteristics in 2,264 Chinese cities from 1958 to 2017, this study evaluated urban flood and drought risks. The results demonstrated that the annual average values of precipitation, aridity index, frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation and extreme drought events differed significantly in these cities. The values of the above six climatic indicators in the cities ranged from 9.29–2639.30 mm, 0.47–54.73, 1.08–8.79 time, 7.82–107.25 mm, 0.76–2.99 time, and 10.30–131.19 days, respectively. The geographical patterns of urban precipitation, aridity index, intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation and drought events in China fit well to the Hu‐Huanyong Line that was created in 1940s to identify the pattern of population distribution. Extreme precipitation in most cities has upward trends, except for those around the Hu‐Huanyong Line. The extreme drought events had upward trends in the cities east of the Hu‐Huanyong Line, but there were downward trends in the cities west of the line. The risk assessment indicated that 3.80% cities were facing serious flood and 6.01% cities were facing serious drought risks, which are located in the coast of southern China and northwestern China, respectively, and other 90.19% cities were facing different types of drought and flood risks in terms of their intensity and frequency.     

兰州—西宁区域经济一体化试验区建设研究

我国西北地区的可持续发展是未来10年西部大开发战略的重要内容。为推进西部开发战略的深入实施,适应国家经济重心战略调整与大城市区域化发展趋势,基于西北河湟谷地城市密集区完整的经济地理区域,提出了建立兰州—西宁区域经济一体化试验区的构想,并从区域空间与产业双重整合等方面,提出了推动实验区建设与发展的政策建议,以期推进西部开发战略的深入实施,从而推动整个西北地区的可持续发展。     

Planning water resources management systems using a fuzzy-boundary interval-stochastic programming method

In this study, a fuzzy-boundary interval-stochastic programming (FBISP) method is developed for planning water resources management systems under uncertainty. The developed FBISP method can deal with uncertainties expressed as probability distributions and fuzzy-boundary intervals. With the aid of an interactive algorithm woven with a vertex analysis, solutions for FBISP model under associated α-cut levels can be generated by solving a set of deterministic submodels. The related probability and possibility information can also be reflected in the solutions for the objective function value and decision variables. The developed FBISP is also applied to water resources management and planning within a multi-reservoir system. Various policy scenarios that are associated with different levels of economic consequences when the pre-regulated water-allocation targets are violated are analyzed. The results obtained are useful for generating a range of decision alternatives under various system conditions, and thus helping decision makers to identify desired water resources management policies under uncertainty.     

The response of annual runoff to the height change of the summertime 0℃ level over Xinjiang

According to climate features and river runoff conditions, Xinjiang could be divided into three research areas: The Altay-Tacheng region, the Tianshan Mountain region and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. Utilizing daily observations from 12 sounding stations and the annual runoff dataset from 34 hydrographical stations in Xinjiang for the period 1960–2002, the variance of the summertime 0℃ level height and the changing trends of river runoff are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, through trend contrast of curves processed by a 5-point smoothing procedure and linear correlation. The variance of the summertime 0℃ level height in Xinjiang correlates well with that of the annual river runoff, especially since the early 1990s, but it differs from region to region, with both the average height of the 0℃ level and runoff quantity significantly increasing over time in the Altay- Tacheng and Tianshan Mountain regions but decreasing on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. The correlation holds for the whole of Xinjiang as well as the three individual regions, with a 0.01 significance level. This indicates that in recent years, climate change in Xinjiang has affected not only the surface layer but also the upper levels of the atmosphere, and this raising and lowering of the summertime 0℃ level has a direct impact on the warming and wetting process in Xinjiang and the amount of river runoff. Warming due to climate change increases the height of the 0℃ level, but also speeds up, ice-snow melting in mountain regions, which in turn increases river runoff, leading to a season of plentiful water instead of the more normal low flow period.     

新疆伊犁盆地蒙其古尔地区下侏罗统三工河组沉积相及其与铀矿化的关系*

新疆伊犁盆地蒙其古尔矿床是近年来发现的大型砂岩型铀矿床。以下侏罗统三工河组为主要研究层位,通过岩性特征、沉积构造和沉积序列分析及露头描述和剖面对比,从沉积学的角度解释蒙其古尔矿区铀矿化的发育条件和成矿机制。研究认为,蒙其古尔地区三工河组以扇三角洲前缘沉积为主,水下分流河道、分流间湾、水下决口扇等为主要沉积微相类型,河口砂坝不发育。该沉积微相对研究区铀矿化的影响主要体现在4个方面:(1)砂体的连通性为成矿流体提供运移空间;(2)水下分流河道微相是控制氧化带发育及矿体富集程度的主要影响因素;(3)沉积微相变化导致的砂体变异部位是矿体厚度、宽度与富集程度增大的主要原因;(4)由决口扇形成的泥岩天窗是越流形成的关键因素之一。     

新疆南部构造区带与地震活动状态研究

Based on the studies of earthquake activity, tectonic movement, crustal shortening rate, fault activity, local stress field and historical characteristics of strong earthquake activities in Xinjiang, we divide the south part of Xinjiang into 4 seismotectonic zones, namely, the eastern segment of south Tianshan seismic belt, the Kalpin block, the Kashi-Wuqia junction zone, and the west Kunlun Mountains seismic belt. Using earthquake catalogues from Xinjiang since 1900, and on the basis of integrity analysis of earthquake records in different magnitude ranges, the seismicity state of different seismotectonic zones is analyzed quantificationally by calculating the mean value of annual strain energy release, annual rate of earthquakes with different lower limits of magnitude, b-value, and the parameter m of accelerating strain release model. The characteristic indexes of seismicity state for each of the seismic tectonic zones are then determined, which provide a quantitative basis for earthquake tendency analysis and judgment.