基于Google Earth Engine与机器学习的省级尺度零散分布草地生物量估算

大区域草地地上生物量估算对草地资源利用管理及全球碳循环研究具有重要意义。为高效快速地估算大区域零散分布草地地上生物量,本文选取安徽省为研究区,在谷歌地球云引擎（Google Earth Engine）平台的支撑下,通过机器学习方法建立Landsat 8 OLI及其他辅助数据与地面实测草地地上生物量之间的联系,开展了草地零散分布地区省级尺度草地地上生物量高分辨率估算,并与传统的基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）回归模型进行了比较。研究结果表明,综合利用光谱与地形因子的机器学习方法,估算零散化分布草地地上生物量的精度可以达到65%以上,其中分类回归树（CART）模型R²=0.57,预测精度为68.60%,支持向量机（SVM）模型R²=0.59,预测精度为75.74%,而使用NDVI的回归分析产生的误差较大,R²=0.37,预测精度为57.51%,因此机器学习方法相对于传统基于NDVI的回归分析具有明显优势。另外,谷歌地球云引擎平台数据来源广泛、获取方便,可以高效地实现海量影像数据的预处理及计算分析,大大提升了工作效率,与地面调查数据的结合可实现更大区域乃至全国尺度上的零散分布草地地上生物量高分辨率遥感估算。     

五里营综合观测井地下流体震前异常特征初步研究

五里营综合观测井自１９８４年观测至今,已积累了１５年连续、可靠的资料。经过多次地震检验,该井水位、水氡、水汞等地下流体震前异常反应明显。利用该井特征性的异常形态,如脉冲、升降、方波等前兆变化对大同－阳高、张北－尚义强震及几次邻近地区４．０级以上地震曾多次作出了较好的预测。     

共轭伸展褶劈理夹角的定量解析

９０ 年代初以来,中国地质学者先后在浙、皖、赣、湘的“板溪群”及震旦系中发现了古生代的生物化石。因此,再次将“板溪群”是否是前震旦纪的一个变质地层单位、江南古陆是否存在以及华南大地构造格局是否需要重新厘定等问题提了出来。１９９３ 年笔者于赣东北蛇绿混杂岩带内的“双桥山群”岩块中,首次发现了含晚古生代的放射虫硅质岩。１９９６ 年又在该混杂岩带多处的“双桥山群”岩块和“下震旦统志棠组”中找到了含晚古生代的放射虫硅质岩,还首次在“登山群拔竹坑组”中发现了早古生代的几丁虫化石。经数年野外多次观察和对室内化石鉴定、岩石地球化学测试结果以及岩石学特征的综合分析表明,所发现的含晚古生代放射虫硅质岩及其岩石组合是一套洋盆深水相沉积;登山群拔竹坑组,是早古生代的一套浅水陆棚 深水陆棚 半深海相沉积。结合同行学者在邻区“板溪群”研究方面取得的新成果,笔者认为：“板溪群”不是前震旦纪的一个变质地层单位,而是一个复杂的构造岩带,江南古陆是不存在的,华南从早古生代到中生代早期还经历了一次洋盆演化过程,现在的构造格局是印支运动奠定的     

张北6.2级地震民房震害与重建措施

根据张北地震现场的实地考察资料,介绍了房屋的震害情况,提出了重建家园应采取的措施,建议,以此次地震为鉴,要加强防震减灾宣传,增强农村干部群众的抗震意识,全面提高农村房屋的抗震能力。     

九寨沟自然保护区喀斯特研究的旅游业意义

本文从地学角度和游客态度调查两个方面阐述了喀斯特作用及其相关地貌景观在九寨沟旅游业中的地位,强调对九寨沟自然保护区进行喀斯特研究,不仅有利于旅游资源的科学鉴定、分类、评价、开发、保护与管理,而且对于当地旅游资源的深层开发、实现九寨沟旅游的持续发展,有一定的经济价值。      

航空工业组团阎良片区土动力学参数统计分析

基于航空工业组团阎良片区地震小区划项目中大量动三轴试验结果,通过双曲线拟合方法,得到主要土类（黄土状土、粉质粘土、粉土、细砂）在8个典型剪应变（0.000005、0.00001、0.00005、0.0001、0.0005、0.001、0.005、0.01）下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比统计值,并将得到的统计值与廖振鹏给出的建议值、陈党民等给出的典型值和袁晓铭等给出的推荐值进行比较,进一步论证土动力学参数的地域性特征。文中还探讨了土样埋深和取样手段（试样等级）对动剪切模量比和阻尼比的影响。文中给出的统计值可为该片区地震小区划中的土层地震反应模型提供参数,同时也为研究该片区场地土动力特性及重大工程地震安全性评价工作提供参考和借鉴。     

Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi Carlintype gold district(Southwest Guizhou,China) and their geological implications

The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province,China,where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits.To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi gold district,we carried out petrographic observations,elemental analyses,and fluid inclusion and isotopic composition studies.We also compared the results with those of typical Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou.Three mineralization stages,namely,the sedimentation diagenesis,hydrothermal(main-ore and late-ore substages),and supergene stages,were identified based on field and petrographic observations.The main-ore and late-ore stages correspond to Au and Sb mineralization,respectively,which are similar to typical Carlin-type mineralization.The mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that a significant amount of Au,As,Sb,Hg,Tl,Mo,and S were added to mineralized rocks during the main-ore stage.Remarkably,arsenic,Sb,and S were added to the mineralized rocks during the late-ore stage.Element migration indicates that the sulfidation process was responsible for ore formation.Four types of fluid inclusions were identified in ore-related quartz and fluorite.The main-ore stage fluids are characterized by an H2O–NaCl–CO2–CH4±N2system,with medium to low temperatures(180–260℃)and low salinity(0–9.08%NaCl equivalent).The late-ore stage fluids featured H2O–NaCl±CO2±CH4,with low temperature(120–200℃)and low salinity(0–7.48%Na Cl equivalent).The temperature,salinity,and CO2and CH4concentrations of ore-forming fluids decreased from the main-ore stage to the late-ore stage.The calculated δ^13C,d D,and δ^18O values of the ore-forming fluids range from-14.3 to-7.0%,-76 to-55.7%,and 4.5–15.0%,respectively.Late-ore-stage stibnite had δ^34S values ranging from-0.6 to 1.9%.These stable isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids,with minor contributions from strata.Collectively,the Baogudi metallogenic district has geological and geochemical characteristics that are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou.It is likely that the Baogudi gold district,together with other Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou,was formed in response to a single widespread metallogenic event.     

日本Mw9.0强震的高频GPS形变波特征初探

利用高频GPS数据长基线双差精密定位技术,获取2011年3月日本Mw9.0强震近场和远场GPS连续参考站的瞬时动态形变。分析表明：距震源较近的IGS站（USUD）的同震动态形变水平方向幅度超过60 cm,震后水平形变达到30 cm;位于远场的GPS连续参考站（JLYJ）的动态形变,清晰地给出了地震面波引起的地表形变波形。对JLYJ站的谱分析表明,地震面波引起的动态形变周期为10～17 s,并出现了两次峰值,东西向和垂向上的动态位移量远大于北南向,说明JLYJ站的形变主要由Rayleigh波及其谐波所主导,Rayleigh波的传播速度为3.5 km/s,波长约50 km。     

Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Synoptic meteorology

Synoptic meteorology is a branch of meteorology that uses synoptic weather observations and charts for the diagnosis,study,and forecasting of weather.Weather refers to the specific state of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface during a short period of time.The spatial distribution of meteorological elements in the atmosphere can be represented by a variety of transient weather phenomena,which are caused by weather systems of different spatial and temporal scales.Weather is closely related to people's life,and its development and evolution have always been the focus of atmospheric scientific research and operation.The development of synoptic meteorology is closely related to the development of observation systems,dynamical theories and numerical models.In China,observation networks have been built since the early 1950 s.Up to now,a comprehensive meteorological observation systembased on ground,air and space has been established.In particular,the development of a new generation of dense radar networks,the development of the Fengyun satellite series and the implementation of a series of large field experiments have brought our understanding of weather from large-scale environment to thermal dynamics,cloud microphysical structure and evolution characteristics of meso and micro-scale weather systems.The development of observation has also promoted the development of theory,numerical model and simulation.In the early days,China mainly used foreign numerical models.Lately,China has developed numerical model systems with independent intellectual property rights.Based on the results of high-resolution numerical simulations,in-depth understanding of the initiation and evolution mechanism and predictability of weather at different scales has been obtained.Synoptic meteorology has gradually changed from an initially independent development to a multidisciplinary approach,and the interaction between weather and the change of climate and environment has become a hot and frontier topic in atmospheric science.This paper reviews the important scientific and technological achievements made in China over the past 70 years in the fields of synoptic meteorology based on the literatures in China and abroad,from six aspects respectively including atmospheric dynamics,synoptic-scale weather,typhoon and tropical weather,severe convective weather,numerical weather prediction and data assimilation,weather and climate,atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment.