长白山金川泥炭地圆叶茅膏菜的生态可塑性

圆叶茅膏菜（Drosera rotundifolia）是营养贫乏型泥炭地的典型食虫植物。于2006年9月,应用“固有年际标记”确定长白山金川泥炭地边缘（A）和中心（B）圆叶茅膏菜种群的年龄结构,研究其生态可塑性。结果表明,两种群植株分别由5个龄级和4个龄级组成,年龄结构分别呈衰退型和稳定型。两个种群平均高度相差35．9％（nA=80,nB=110,P〈0．01）,泥炭地边缘的生境更有利于植株高度的生长。各龄植株的平均高度均随龄级增加而呈相似线性增长规律（nA=80,nB=110,P〈0．05）。泥炭地边缘植株平均叶长、叶宽、叶柄长均高于中心（nA=74,nB=104,P〈0．01）,而叶片表面的触毛密度则相反,泥炭地边缘植株的触毛密度显著低于中心（nA=74,nB=104,P〈0．01）。由于泥炭地边缘较中心生境土壤养分丰富,昆虫数量多,光竞争强烈,导致圆叶茅膏菜在植株高度、叶片形态、触毛密度方面表现出很高的生态可塑性,高生态可塑性应是圆叶茅膏菜种群适应泥炭地异质环境的重要手段。     

铁岭莲花湖湿地湖心岛建设探讨

为解决人为活动对城市湿地公园内鸟类的影响,对铁岭莲花湖湿地公园湖心岛建设进行调查分析,湖心岛建设在保护湿地鸟类资源及丰富湿地景观多样性等方面起到了重要作用。根据城市湿地公园建设理念,提出了湿地公园中湖心岛建设的原则,初步探讨了湿地湖心岛建设过程中的基础填筑、岛上生物栖息地建设及岸边护坡等关键技术方案。     

农业生态系统可持续性评价研究进展

在大量查阅国内外文献资料的基础上,阐述了国内外农业可持续性评价指标体系的选取标准与选取方法,在此基础上,综述了国内外农业可持续评价方法及评价尺度等研究进展情况。发现国内农业可持续性评价指标过多且以农业经济方面的指标为主,指标之间重叠现象严重,对生态环境、政策性和指导性指标重视不够,而且评价方法有待进一步完善。最后,针对农业可持续性评价中存在的问题提出了一些建议,以期对国内农业的可持续评价研究有所借鉴。     

Attribution analysis for water yield service based on the geographical detector method: A case study of the Hengduan Mountain region

Ecosystem services, which include water yield services, have been incorporated into decision processes of regional land use planning and sustainable development. Spatial pattern characteristics and identification of factors that influence water yield are the basis for decision making. However, there are limited studies on the driving mechanisms that affect the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem services. In this study, we used the Hengduan Mountain region in southwest China, with obvious spatial heterogeneity, as the research site. The water yield module in the In VEST software was used to simulate the spatial distribution of water yield. Also, quantitative attribution analysis was conducted for various geomorphological and climatic zones in the Hengduan Mountain region by using the geographical detector method. Influencing factors, such as climate, topography, soil, vegetation type, and land use type and pattern, were taken into consideration for this analysis. Four key findings were obtained. First, water yield spatial heterogeneity is influenced most by climate-related factors, where precipitation and evapotranspiration are the dominant factors. Second, the relative importance of each impact factor to the water yield heterogeneity differs significantly by geomorphological and climatic zones. In flat areas, the influence of evapotranspiration is higher than that of precipitation. As relief increases, the importance of precipitation increases and eventually, it becomes the most influential factor. Evapotranspiration is the most influential factor in a plateau climate zone, while in the mid-subtropical zone, precipitation is the main controlling factor. Third, land use type is also an important driving force in flat areas. Thus, more attention should be paid to urbanization and land use planning, which involves land use changes, to mitigate the impact on water yield spatial pattern. The fourth finding was that a risk detector showed that Primarosol and Anthropogenic soil areas, shrub areas, and areas with slope 5° and 25°–35° should be recognized as water yield important zones, while the corresponding elevation values are different among different geomorphological and climatic zones. Therefore, the spatial heterogeneity and influencing factors in different zones should be fully con-sidered while planning the maintenance and protection of water yield services in the Hengduan Mountain region.     

1982-2006年中国东部春季植被变化(英文)

Vegetation greenness is a key indicator of terrestrial vegetation activity. To under-stand the variation in vegetation activity in spring across eastern China (EC), we analysed the variation in the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from April to May during 1982-2006. The regional mean NDVI across EC increased at the rate of 0.02/10yr (r2=0.28; p=0.024) prior to 1998; the increase ceased, and the NDVI dropped to a low level thereafter. However, the processes of variation in the NDVI were different from one region to another. In the North China Plain, a cultivated area, the NDVI increased (0.03/10yr; r2=0.52; p<0.001) from 1982 to 2006. In contrast, the NDVI decreased (-0.02/10yr; r2=0.24; p=0.014) consecu-tively from 1982 to 2006 in the Yangtze River and Pearl River deltas, two regions of rapid urbanisation. In the eastern region of the Inner Mongolian Plateau and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and decreased thereafter. In the Hulun Buir area and the southern part of the Yangtze River Basin, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and remained static thereafter. The NDVI in the grasslands and croplands in the semi-humid and semi-arid areas showed a significant positive correlation with precipitation, while the NDVI in the woodlands in the humid to semi-humid areas showed a significant positive correlation with temperature. As much as 60% of the variation in the NDVI was ex-plained by either precipitation or temperature.     

准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系煤岩生烃动力学研究

应用金管-高压釜装置对采自准噶尔盆地南缘西部煤样JC25和东部煤样JC41进行生烃动力学模拟实验,获取生油、生气量和生烃动力学参数。升温速率分别为2℃/h和20℃/h,实验压力为50 MPa。实验得到两个煤样JC25和JC41最大生油量(以下单位mg/g均表示每克有机碳的生成量)分别为126 mg/g和68.5 mg/g,计算的排油量分别为88.8 mg/g和29.5 mg/g,表明侏罗系煤岩在南缘西部四棵树凹陷较其他区域具有较大的生油潜力。两个煤样最大生气量(∑C1–5)分别为121.6mg/g和112mg/g,差异相对较小。煤样JC25和JC41的H/C原子比值分别为0.85和0.77,类脂组含量分别约为8%和6%,岩石热解(Rock-Eval)参数氢指数(IH)分别为155 mg/g和156 mg/g。实验结果表明, H/C原子比值、类脂组含量比IH能更好地反映煤岩的初始生油、生气潜力。依据生烃动力学参数模拟了地质条件下(升温速率5℃/Ma)的生油和生气过程。煤样主要生、排油阶段的Ro, Easy介于0.80%～1.20%之间。在半开放条件下(发生排油),两个煤样的生气速率比较接...     

气候变化对东北大西洋渔获物组成、多样性和营养级的影响

东北大西洋是世界上重要的捕捞海域,气候变化对该海域捕捞产生了重要的影响。本文基于联合国粮农组织所提供的1982-2016年东北大西洋渔获产量数据,对该海域渔获物组成、多样性、平均营养级及主成分变化特征进行时间序列上的分析,并结合东北大西洋海域气候、环境因子,应用广义可加模型探究渔获物组成与气候变化之间的关系。结果显示:渔获物多样性的变化总体上呈下降趋势,2002-2010年间处于较低水平;平均营养级在2002年之前呈平缓下降的趋势,2002年之后开始波动上升,相关性分析表明这两个指标与海域环境因子的变化较为相关。对渔获物组成进行主成分分析显示,第一主成份变化的方差解释率达到35.3%,且与海域气候、环境因素有较高的相关性,第一主成分变化能够较好地表征气候影响下渔获物组成变化的情况。广义可加模型分析结果显示,渔获物组成变化的影响因素按解释率由高到低分别为:海表温度、海平面高度、盐度、海冰和北大西洋涛动指数。该研究有助于认识气候变化对海洋渔业资源及其结构组成的影响。     

长江口扁担沙动力地貌变化过程研究

河口浅滩不仅为人类提供宝贵湿地资源,而且是调控河势演变的重要因素。研究河口浅滩动力地貌演变规律对航道整治、湿地生态开发及岸堤防护等具有重要价值。本文利用最近150多年的长江口历史海图资料、实测水深与水文泥沙数据,分析长江口南支最大的浅滩—扁担沙动力地貌演变格局及其变化机制。结果表明:(1) 1860-2016年期间,扁担沙反复历经淤积-冲刷-淤积,浅滩由最初水下阴滩发育出露而形成纺锤状沙体,随后演变为细长扁担状,沙尾切滩成爪状沙体,下扁担沙则伴随爪状缝隙被不断填充而淤长;(2)自1954年洪水到目前,扁担沙-2 m、-5 m等深线包络的面积与体积整体上均呈现增长态势,其中面积年均增长率分别为0.88 km²/a和0.81 km²/a,体积年均增长率分别为1.3×10⁶ m³/a和5×10⁶ m³/a;扁担沙浅滩在不同时期冲淤变化不同,其中1998年出现大幅度冲刷,平均冲刷厚度达到1.4 m;(3)扁担沙体积变化和长江入海泥沙的增减无直接联系,但与入海径流量...     

金伯利岩型金刚石矿床研究及其成矿模式探讨——以辽宁瓦房店地区金刚石原生矿矿床为例

辽宁南部瓦房店金刚石矿是国内最大的金刚石矿产区,现已发现4处金刚石成矿带、120个岩体。其中金伯利岩岩管24个、岩脉89个、可疑岩体7个,累计提交1221万克拉储量,占全国金刚石储量52%。本文主要对该矿床的金刚石母岩—金伯利岩的岩石地球化学特征进行了全面系统分析,发现金伯利岩中MgO、NiO、Cr₂O₃的含量与TiO₂、Al₂O₃、Na₂O、K₂O、CaO、P₂O₅等偏碱性组分呈正相关关系;Ni、Cr、Co含量与金刚石含量呈正相关,而Ti、Zr、Ba元素含量与金刚石含量呈负相关。通过对瓦房店矿区金刚石中石榴石及单斜辉石包裹体、橄榄石-石榴石矿物对、石榴石微量元素、尖晶石-橄榄石等多种地质温、压计归纳得出金刚石矿的来源深度为150～210 km,压力5～7 GPa,温度1083～1261℃,在上述温、压条件下,结合岩浆化学组成,估算金伯利岩具有低氧逸度(f_O2...     

Revisiting pulsar velocities using Gaia Data Release 2

Precise measurements of neutron star(NS) velocities provide critical clues in regard to the supernova physics and evolution of binary systems. Based on Gaia Data Release 2(DR2), we selected a sample of 24 young( 3 Myr) pulsars with precise parallax measurements and measured the velocity of their local standard of rest(LSR) and the velocity dispersion among their respective local stellar groups. The median velocity difference between thus calculated LSRs and the Galactic rotation model is ～ 7.6 km s~(-1),small compared to the typical velocity dispersion of ～ 27.5 km s~(-1). For pulsars off the Galactic plane,such differences grow significantly to as large as ～ 40 km s~(-1). More importantly, the velocity dispersion of stars in the local group of low-velocity pulsars can be comparable to their transverse velocities, suggesting that the intrinsic velocities of NS progenitors should be taken into account when we consider their natal kicks and binary evolution. We also examined the double NS system J0737-3039 A/B, and measured its transverse velocity to be 26_(-13)~(+18) km s~(-1) assuming nearby Gaia sources are representative of their birth environment. This work demonstrated the feasibility and importance of using Gaia data to study the velocity of individual systems and velocity distribution of NSs.