Determining Q of near-surface materials from Rayleigh waves

High-frequency (≥2 Hz) Rayleigh wave phase velocities can be inverted to shear (S)-wave velocities for a layered earth model up to 30 m below the ground surface in many settings. Given S-wave velocity (V_S), compressional (P)-wave velocity (V_P), and Rayleigh wave phase velocities, it is feasible to solve for P-wave quality factor Q_P and S-wave quality factor Q_S in a layered earth model by inverting Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients. Model results demonstrate the plausibility of inverting Q_S from Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients. Contributions to the Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients from Q_P cannot be ignored when Vs/V_P reaches 0.45, which is not uncommon in near-surface settings. It is possible to invert Q_P from Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients in some geological setting, a concept that differs from the common perception that Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients are always far less sensitive to Q_P than to Q_S. Sixty-channel surface wave data were acquired in an Arizona desert. For a 10-layer model with a thickness of over 20 m, the data were first inverted to obtain S-wave velocities by the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method and then quality factors were determined by inverting attenuation coefficients.     

新疆东昆仑西段库拉甫河岩组火山岩地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb年龄

对东昆仑西段库拉甫河岩组火山岩地球化学进行研究,结果显示,主量元素MgO、FeO含量较高,TiO_2和K_2O含量分别为1.12%、0.63%,与岛弧拉斑玄武岩(0.84%、0.43%)接近;微量元素具有Sr富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta略亏损,P无明显分馏或未分馏的特征,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线显示良好的同源性(配分曲线变化规律近似一致),且与富集型洋脊玄武岩配分趋势一致。结合构造环境判别,认为其形成于岛弧环境,具有岛弧拉斑玄武岩的特征,来源于与岛弧相关的富集地幔。利用锆石U-Pb测年获得2组年龄,其中一组年龄为688.7±5.1Ma,代表捕获晶年龄,另一组年龄483.4±3.3Ma为结晶年龄,代表玄武岩的形成年龄,属于早奥陶世。结合其构造环境、岩石地球化学特征和年龄数据,认为其是原特提斯洋俯冲消减环境下的产物,且原特提斯洋俯冲至少持续到早奥陶世。     

台风“巴蓬”对南海上层海洋水文特征与生态环境的影响

研究台风过境影响下海洋生态环境的变化是系统认识强天气过程下海洋响应问题的重要内容,对于防灾减灾、远洋运输等具有积极的意义。基于混合坐标海洋环流模式（Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, HYCOM）数据,结合Aqua卫星搭载的中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）传感器数据,研究了慢速移动的台风“巴蓬”（1929号）过境对南海海表温度、叶绿素浓度以及水体垂向温盐结构和流场特征的影响。结果显示,台风“巴蓬”过境期间,波高由3 m增加至9 m,海表流速由0.3 m/s增加至0.7 m/s,台风周围最大流速甚至超过1.8 m/s;台风过境后,海表温度由原25.8 ℃下降至24.9 ℃。在台风影响下,水体垂向混合增加,混合层深度增加近15 m,从23 m到38 m。混合层内上部温度降低、盐度略微增加,下部温度升高、盐度降低;上层水体流速增加,方向偏转近90°,流速变化幅度由表及底逐渐减小。台风过境后3天内,由于温度降低、光照减弱,并且垂向混合增强补充的营养盐仍未被浮游植物充分利用,因此,叶绿素浓度并未快速升高,而是呈现短期内浓度微增的现象。     

基于复数小波变换的遥感图像融合新算法

提出了一种基于复数小波变换的影像融合新算法，用以融合全色影像和多光谱影像。试验结果表明，谊算法可以取得比传统的实数小波变换融合算法更好的效果。     

西藏扎西康锌多金属矿床地质特征及银的赋存状态研究

扎西康锌多金属矿床位于西藏特提斯喜马拉雅板片的"金锑多金属"成矿带东段。研究显示,矿体主要呈脉状、透镜状产于近南北向的张性断裂中。热液成矿作用主要可划分为早、晚2个成矿阶段,7个成矿亚阶段,早期以铅锌矿化为主,晚期以锑(铅)矿化为主。岩矿石镜下鉴定和电子探针分析表明,扎西康矿床矿石种类繁多,矿物组合和成矿元素均呈现明显的分带现象,由深至浅(W→E)为含锡(铁)闪锌矿+铁锰碳酸盐+少量方铅矿+少量黄铜矿(深部)→(铁)闪锌矿+铁锰碳酸盐+少量方铅矿+黄铁矿+毒砂+少量银黝铜矿+少量石英(中深部)→方铅矿+闪锌矿+脆硫锑铅矿+铁锰碳酸盐+硫锑铅矿+少量银黝铜矿+石英(中部)→辉锑矿+方铅矿+少量闪锌矿+石英+少量铁锰碳酸盐(浅部),对应的元素分带为Zn(Pb+Ag+Cu+Sn)→Zn(Pb+Ag)→Zn+Pb(Sb+Ag)→Pb+Sb+Ag+Zn。矿区银矿化主要集中在Ⅴ号矿体ZK2703-ZK2302、ZK1502-ZK1105和ZK806三个区域,与铅锑矿化关系密切。矿石中银主要以类质同象的形式存在,独立银矿物相对较少。其中,类质同象银主要赋存在方铅矿中,少量赋存在硫锑铅矿、脆硫锑铅矿、毒砂、黄铁矿等金属硫化物中;独立银矿物有少量的银黝铜矿、硫锑铅银矿、银(含银)硫铜锑矿。成矿流体中铅、锌、锑、银的运移和富集沉淀是受体系中温度、压力、浓度、pH值等多种因素综合控制的结果。     

Sustainability evaluation of different systems for sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) farming based on emergy theory

Emergy analysis is effective for analyzing ecological economic systems. However, the accuracy of the approach is af-fected by the diversity of economic level, meteorological and hydrological parameters...     

Identification of Suitable Hydrologic Response Unit Thresholds for Soil and Water Assessment Tool Streamflow Modelling

Use of a non-zero hydrologic response unit(HRU) threshold is an effective way of reducing unmanageable HRU numbers and simplifying computational cost in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) hydrologic modelling. However, being less representative of watershed heterogeneity and increasing the level of model output uncertainty are inevitable when minor HRU combinations are disproportionately eliminated. This study examined 20 scenarios by running the model with various HRU threshold settings to understand the mechanism of HRU threshold effects on watershed representation as well as streamflow predictions and identify the appropriate HRU thresholds. Findings show that HRU numbers decrease sharply with increasing HRU thresholds. Among different HRU threshold scenarios, the composition of land-use, soil, and slope all contribute to notable variations which are directly related to the model input parameters and consequently affect the streamflow predictions. Results indicate that saturated hydraulic conductivity, average slope of the HRU, and curve number are the three key factors affecting stream discharge when changing the HRU thresholds. It is also found that HRU thresholds have little effect on monthly model performance, while evaluation statistics for daily discharges are more sensitive than monthly results. For daily streamflow predictions, thresholds of 5%/5%/5%(land-use/soil/slope) are the optimum HRU threshold level for the watershed to allow full consideration of model accuracy and efficiency in the present work. Besides, the results provide strategies for selecting appropriate HRU thresholds based on the modelling goal.     

关中盆地潜水化学特征及其变化趋势

本文在阐明关中盆地环境水文地质条件的基础上,论述了关中盆地潜水化学特征及其成因,并着重对盆地潜水化学变化的几个主要问题,诸如常规组份的升高及水化学类型的改变、潜水硬度的升高、硝酸盐的富集及微量重金属元素的污染等进行了分析。讨论了上述问题的因果及今后工作意见。     

獐子岛海域和胶州湾表层微微型浮游植物丰度和生物量的季节变化比较

为全面了解黄海典型海区微微型浮游植物的季节变化特征,于2009年7月至2010年6月在北黄海獐子岛海域和2010年1~12月在南黄海胶州湾进行逐月调查采样,利用流式细胞仪检测了表层海水中微微型浮游植物(picophytoplankton)的丰度,包括聚球藻(Synechococcus,SYN)和微微型真核浮游植物(picoeukaryotes,PEUK),并分析了其与环境因子的关系。獐子岛海域和胶州湾SYN和PEUK全年广泛分布,獐子岛海域SYN丰度范围在0.05×10³~120.00×10³cells/mL之间,丰度在秋季最高;胶州湾SYN丰度范围在0.02×10³~61.80×10³cells/mL之间,丰度在夏季最高。獐子岛海域PEUK丰度范围在0.01×10³~18.76×10³cells/mL之间,丰度在秋季最高;胶州湾PEUK丰度范围在0.25×10³~95.57×10³ cells/mL之间,丰度在春季最高。獐子岛海域微微型浮游植物丰度组成以SYN为主;而胶州湾以PEUK为主。PEUK是两海区微微型浮游植物生物量的主要贡献者。相关性分析结果表明,温度是影响两海区SYN丰度季节变化的最主要因素;影响PEUK季节分布的因素不完全一致,獐子岛海域PEUK丰度主要受温度调控;胶州湾PEUK丰度主要受温度和营养盐浓度影响。与已有研究比较,这两个海区的微微型浮游植物生物量对浮游植物生物量的贡献明显高于其他温带沿岸海域,预示微微型浮游植物在獐子岛海域和胶州湾生态系统中的重要作用,值得进一步深入研究。     

无人机倾斜摄影和激光扫描在竣工测量中的应用

竣工测量是城市规划管理、智慧辅助决策的基础工作,随着智慧城市建设步伐的加快,通过传统全野外数字采集方法获取的二维竣工数据已难以满足新时代发展对基础数据三维化的新要求。以竣工项目为例,通过倾斜摄影测量、三维激光扫描技术与传统全野外数字采集方法的对比,在精度、效率指标等方面探讨新兴测量方法在竣工测量工作中的可行性和适用性,旨在为传统二维全野外数字采集技术向二、三维数据采集技术的融合提供参考。