三维遥感影像在遥感地质构造解译中的应用——以福建平和植被覆盖区为例

文章通过建立福建平和矾山三维遥感影像和线环构造解译标志,对区内芦溪—霞寨断裂、坪水断裂等典型断裂以及钟腾破火山口进行了解译。基于三维遥感影像可较好地识别构造解译标志,提高遥感构造解译的精度,降低解译的难度。     

深部煤层气储层地质研究进展

深部煤层气资源潜力巨大,将是非常规天然气勘探开发的一个新领域。美国和加拿大部分地区已经成功实现了深部煤层气开发的商业化水平,而中国由于受当前开发技术和经济条件的限制,至今尚未形成规模性的开采。基于对近年来有代表性的学术论著的研究分析,从煤岩孔裂隙结构、吸附解吸性质、气体在煤层中的扩散渗流过程、煤储层的可改造特征等4个方面总结了深部煤层气储层物性的理论研究进展。研究指出深部煤储层处在高温、高压和高地应力的复杂地质环境中,煤储层储渗演化、煤层气吸附解吸扩散渗流平衡关系、煤岩应力应变行为等趋于复杂,开展特殊地质条件下的深部煤储层物性演化机理的研究,对我国深部煤层气资源的勘探开发具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

滇西普朗斑岩铜矿床中磷灰石的地球化学特征及其地质意义

滇西普朗斑岩铜矿床位于三江特提斯构造带义敦岛弧南端,是晚三叠世甘孜-理塘洋壳俯冲背景下的成矿作用产物。本文选取普朗矿床含矿石英闪长玢岩和石英二长斑岩中蚀变和未蚀变磷灰石进行研究,以探讨其对成岩、成矿作用的指示意义。结果显示,相比于未蚀变磷灰石,蚀变磷灰石的Na、S、Mn、Ca、Y及REE等元素含量均有不同程度的降低。总体而言,普朗矿床中磷灰石均具有高Sr、δEu,低Y的特征,指示了其母岩浆具似埃达克质特点。本次研究表明磷灰石的卤素、Sr和REE可以用来追踪成矿母岩浆成分、氧化状态和结晶演化过程。与三叠纪不成矿的休瓦促岩体相比,普朗矿床成矿岩体的磷灰石具高δEu、低Mn和δCe的特点,且δEu和δCe总体呈负相关趋势,表明普朗矿床成矿岩体氧逸度相对较高。此外,磷灰石中(La/Sm)_N、(La/Yb)_N和(Sm/Yb)_N比值降低可能是岩浆中独居石结晶或含Cl热液出溶的结果。与邻区的春都矿床、白垩纪休瓦促成矿岩体对比研究表明,普朗斑岩成矿岩浆具有高Cl/F特征,可能形成于典型的大洋俯冲环境。     

PTC管桩复合地基应力扩散效应研究

预应力混凝土薄壁（PTC）管桩复合地基作为常见的基础型式在软土地区具有良好的实用价值和应用前景。在实际工程中,复合地基下卧层附加应力的确定一直是重点和难点,因此对PTC管桩复合地基应力扩散效应的研究具有十分重要的意义。针对天津软土地区进行了3组不同垫层厚度的复合地基现场静载试验,基于现场试验建立并验证了数值模拟方法,对比研究了该型式复合地基的承载特性;通过已建立的数值模拟方法研究了不同工况下PTC管桩复合地基的应力扩散现象,结合复合地基应力扩散理论确定了扩散角的取值范围,分析了土质、加固深度和外荷载对扩散角的影响规律。计算结果可为工程设计提供依据。     

Carbon and oxygen isotope chemostratigraphies of the Yangtze platform,South China: Decoding temperature and environmental changes through the Ediacaran

Multicellular animals first appeared on the earth during the Ediacaran period. However, the relationship between the abrupt biological evolution and environmental changes is still ambiguous. In order to examine seawater temperature and the carbon cycle through the Ediacaran, we analyzed the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate rocks from drill cores from the Three Gorges area, South China. Importantly, the core samples include the Nantuo tillite, corresponding to the Marinoan glaciation, through the Doushantuo to the lower Dengying Fms. in ascending order.The δ¹³C profile displays five positive and five negative anomalies (PI-1 to 5 and NI-1 to 5), and the oxygen isotopes display very high absolute values around 0‰ with the highest at + 1.83‰. The combined δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C chemostratigraphies display both positive and negative correlations between the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values. The occurrence of the negative correlations supports the preservation of primary δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values.The sample NI-4 has a negative correlation of the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C excursions. The correlation supports a primary signature for both δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C variations. The positive δ¹⁸O excursion, accompanied by evidence of a eustatic sea-level fall, provides direct evidence for global cooling in the mid-Ediacaran; the 580 Ma Gaskiers Glaciation is a potential candidate for this global cooling event. The negative δ¹³C excursion was possibly caused by an increase in remineralization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) due to enhanced continental weathering during the glaciation.Sample NI-5 is characterized by very low δ¹³C values, down to ? 10‰, corresponding to the Shuram-Wonoka-Pertatataka Excursion. The cause of the δ¹³C negative excursion is still not clear. However, a ubiquitous occurrence in excursions worldwide, and the lower δ¹³C values in deeper sections favor the enhancement of remineralization and respiration rather than secondary alteration, a restricted sea environment and lithification in coastal areas.     

龙门山冲断带分段机理研究

前陆冲断带具有巨大的油气勘探潜力,构造分段性控制油气分布。龙门山冲断带构造分段特征明显,但对分段性的形成机理缺乏深入研究。总结前人砂箱模拟实验成果认为:盆地基底差异和推覆带附近刚性体分布的差异,是造成冲断带构造分段的主要原因。龙门山前川西古拗拉谷的发现,为盆地基底存在差异提供了有利证据,古拗拉谷两侧发育大邑古隆起、江油——老关庙古隆起,在后期逆冲推覆过程中形成阻挡。通过对龙门山推覆带基底特征和刚性地体进行分析,结合前人模拟实验结果,明确提出龙门山冲断带构造分段机理:龙门山北段构造的形成是以碧口地块为动力,龙门山初始裂谷边缘古隆起形成阻挡,在古隆起上方形成冲断带;中段以彭灌杂岩体[彭县——灌县(都江堰)杂岩体]传递动力,在川西古拗拉谷坳陷部位,刚性体挤入盆地内部,印支期——喜马拉雅期,古坳陷部位继承性地发展为川西前陆盆地;南段以宝兴杂岩体传递动力,在大邑古隆起上方形成冲断带。     

Genesis of the Xiuwenghala Gold Deposit in the Beishan Orogen,Northwest China: Evidence from Geology,Fluid Inclusion,and H–O–S–Pb Isotopes

The Xiuwenghala gold deposit is located in the Beishan Orogen of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The vein/lenticular gold orebodies are controlled by Northeast‐trending faults and are hosted mainly in the brecciated/altered tuff and rhyolite porphyry of the Lower Carboniferous Baishan Formation. Metallic minerals include mainly pyrite and minor chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, and sphalerite, whilst nonmetallic minerals include quartz, chalcedony, sericite, chlorite, and calcite. Hydrothermal alterations consist of silicic, sericite, chlorite, and carbonate. Alteration/mineralization processes comprise three stages: pre‐ore silicic alteration (Stage I), syn‐ore quartz‐chalcedony‐polymetallic sulfide mineralization (Stage II), and post‐ore quartz‐calcite veining (Stage III). Fluid inclusions (FIs) in quartz and calcite are dominated by L‐type with minor V‐type and lack any daughter mineral‐bearing or CO₂‐rich/‐bearing inclusions. From Stages I to III, the FIs homogenized at 240–260°C, 220–250°C, and 150–190°C, with corresponding salinities of 2.9–10.9, 3.2–11.1, and 2.9–11.9 wt.% NaCl eqv., respectively. The mineralization depth at Xiuwenghala is estimated to be relatively shallow (<1 km). FI results indicate that the ore‐forming fluids belong to a low to medium‐temperature, low‐salinity, and low‐density NaCl‐H₂O system. The values decrease from Stage I to III (3.7‰, 1.7–2.4‰, and ?1.7 to 0.9‰, respectively), and a similar trend is found for their values (?104 to ?90‰, ?126 to ?86‰, and ?130 to ?106‰, respectively). This indicates that the fluid source gradually evolved from magmatic to meteoric. δ³⁴S values of the hydrothermal pyrites (?3.0 to 0.0‰; avg. ?1.1‰) resemble those of typical magmatic/mantle‐derived sulfides. Pyrite Pb isotopic compositions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.409–18.767, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.600–15.715, ²⁰⁸Pb^/204Pb = 38.173–38.654) are similar to those of the (sub)volcanic ore host, indicating that the origin of ore‐forming material was mainly the upper crustal (sub)volcanic rocks. Integrating evidence from geology, FIs, and H–O–S–Pb isotopes, we suggest that Xiuwenghala is best classified as a low‐sulfidation epithermal gold deposit.     

华南早中生代从印支期碰撞构造体系向燕山期俯冲构造体系转换的形变记录

华南地区中生代动力体制经历了从特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域的转换,但对这种动力体制转换发生的时间和产生的地质效应则存在不同的认识。通过分析华南印支—早燕山构造层(D—J1-2)广泛发育的褶皱构造,识别了早中生代两个世代褶皱构造的横跨叠加型式,发现早期近东西向褶皱构造具有南北成带、晚期NNE向褶皱构造具有东西分区的区域展布特征。基于地层接触关系和早中生代岩浆岩和火山岩同位素年代学数据统计分析,认为这两组叠加褶皱构造清楚地记录了华南早中生代两期挤压事件,近东西向褶皱是对印支早期华南地块南北边缘碰撞造山事件的远程响应,NNE向褶皱则起源于燕山早期((170±5)Ma)古太平洋板块向华南大陆之下低角度俯冲作用,两者发生转换的时代在中晚侏罗世之交。伴随这两期构造挤压而产生的地壳增厚分别诱发了华夏地块三叠纪和晚侏罗世地壳深熔作用和岩浆侵入活动。华南两组叠加褶皱构造的识别为进一步探讨早中生代从碰撞动力构造体系向俯冲动力构造体系转换提供了关键的构造地质学依据。     

安徽庐江泥河铁矿矿床地球化学特征及其对成因的制约

泥河铁矿位于长江中下游成矿带庐枞中生代火山岩盆地中,矿床具有典型玢岩型铁矿的地质特征,是研究玢岩型铁矿成因的良好对象。本次工作在详细的野外观察及室内研究的基础上,对泥河铁矿主成矿期矿石矿物的稀土元素、硫同位素及铅同位素进行了分析测试工作。主成矿期磁铁矿、黄铁矿稀土元素配分模式呈现LREE富集、HREE曲线平直、Eu轻微负异常的特征,与赋矿砖桥组熔岩、闪长玢岩的稀土元素配分模式较为一致,结合矿石矿物与围岩的铅同位素特征,推测成矿金属元素主要来源于赋矿的火山-次火山岩,可能有少量壳源物质的加入。黄铁矿与硬石膏的硫同位素表现出双峰式分布的特征,说明岩浆活动与三叠纪膏盐层均对硫有所贡献。三叠纪膏盐层在泥河铁矿的成矿过程中,不仅仅是重要的矿化剂,同样是铁质沉淀的氧化剂。综合矿床地质与地球化学特征,认为泥河铁矿是由次火山岩体演化产生的含矿高温热液在闪长玢岩穹窿顶部,通过交代充填作用形成的玢岩型铁硫矿床。     

开发中期阶段的煤炭资源综合评价研究——以兖州煤田为例

对处于开发中期阶段的煤炭资源评价进行研究,提出了建立开发中期煤炭资源综合评价体系的基本原则和思路。以此为基础,对兖州煤田3煤进行了评价,为兖州矿区的开发决策和可持续发展提供科学依据。