近百年来全球不同冷、暖期温度分布及环流特征

本文用全球格点气温、海面温度、海平面气压等资料分析了本世纪以来四个不同冷暖时段（１９０６－１９１５，１９３６－１９４５，１９６６－１９７５及１９７９－１９８８年）的温度场和地面气压场。着重讨论了不同冷、暖期之间温度距平场的分布特点、区域和季节差异以及海、陆变化的不同步性等。在温度的纬向谐波分析中发现冬季暖期，中、高纬度超长波活动盛行，表明１０年尺度冷、暖的环流机制与天气尺度是一致的。     

Modelling accuracy limits for frequency-dependent anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of rocks and soils

The frequency-dependent anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) can be most easily determined through subtracting directional susceptibilities measured at two operating frequencies along each of the measuring directions and the differences subsequently processed using standard methods for AMS computation. The effect of the measurement precision on the accuracy of the determination of the frequency-dependent AMS is investigated through mathematical simulation of the measurement process using the statistical theory of measuring the AMS of rocks. The accuracy of the AMS determination is presented in terms of the errors in determining the principal susceptibilities and principal directions. By modelling the measuring errors, the limits are discovered for the investigation of the frequency-dependent AMS. The modelling shows extremely high requirements for measurement accuracy met by the most sensitive instruments, only.     

天体力学的几个热点问题

阐述当今天体力学前沿课题中的几个热点问题，近地小行星与地球的交会及其动力演化，航天器定轨新手段中的得一星跟踪自主定轨方法以及星际探测中的轨道力学问题。     

应用商用CCD配备录像机进行天体定位的试验

本工作是为今后在1.2米望远镜上利用商用CCD配备录像机进行人卫快速精密定位观测所做的初步试验,其目的是在实验室里模拟检测商用CCD配备录像机后对星像的绝对及相对定位精度。通过使用不同图像板及录像带在不同幅度的CCD视频信号情况下的分组试验,得到了满足人卫观测的结果,CCD对绝对位置及相对位置的定位误差均小于±0.5个象元。本文还对误差产生的原因进行了初步分析。     

北京城郊的地面沉降成因浅析

北京城区及近郊区的地面沉降，已成为一重要的地质灾害问题。它的成因与区域构造活动性、沉积物结构构造特点和地下水超量开采有关。     

海冰离散元模型的研究回顾及展望

为描述极区及副极区海冰在不同尺度下的离散分布特性,以及海冰与海洋结构相互作用过程中的破碎性能,海冰的离散单元模型从上世纪80年代发展起来并不断完善。本文将海冰离散单元模型分为地球物理尺度( ~100km)、浮冰块尺度(10m ~ 10km)和海洋结构尺度(1m ~ 100m)等三种不同尺度,讨论了不同尺度下海冰的离散分布规律或海冰由连续状态向离散状态转化的动力过程。通过对块体、圆盘和颗粒不同形态的海冰离散单元模型的介绍,对其在极区海冰的动力特性、海冰重叠堆积及其与波浪的作用过程、海冰与海洋结构的相互作用中的应用进行了分析,对海冰强度的尺度效应进行了讨论。最后,讨论了海冰离散单元模型中存在的问题和重点研究内容。     

基于多源数据的青藏高原雪深重建

青藏高原地形复杂,积雪时空分布异质性较强且大部分地区积雪较薄,而被动微波遥感因其空间分辨率低以及雪深反演中的不确定性,极大地限制了其反演青藏高原雪深的精度。本文尝试将多源遥感数据以及与积雪模型（SnowModel）相结合,来重建更高质量的青藏高原雪深数据。首先,利用MODIS积雪面积比例产品,根据构建的积雪衰减曲线以及经验的融合规则对低分辨率被动微波雪深进行了降尺度;然后,结合MODIS/被动微波融合雪深数据和SnowModel对研究区进行雪深数据同化实验;最后,利用地面站实测雪深数据对MODIS/被动微波融合雪深以及同化输出雪深的精度进行了分析和对比。结果表明,基于数据同化方法得到的雪深数据更接近地面观测雪深值,通过均方根误差以及相关系数的对比,同化雪深结果优于MODIS/被动微波融合雪深结果。     

Review on Validation of Remotely Sensed Land Surface Temperature

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important input parameter for many land surface models. Retrieving LST from remote sensing is the main approach for modelling the radiance balance and energy budget at both regional and global scales. Validation of remotely sensed LST is helpful to evaluate its accuracy and stability. Furthermore, it is meaningful for the retrieval and application of remotely sensed LST. Here, first, theories and methods of LST retrieval were reviewed. Second, four validation methods, including the Temperature-based (T-based), Radiance-based (R-based), cross comparison and Time-series analysis, were reviewed and compared. An in-depth examination was conducted for the T-based method from the aspects including the approaches for acquiring the ground truth value, the target LST products, the uncertainty sources. Finally, some important issues in LST validation were discussed.     

Extraction,isolation and structural characterization of polysaccharides from a red alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gloiopeltis furcata</Emphasis>

Three kinds of polysaccharides:GFW,GFH and GFA,were sequentially extracted from a red alga Gloiopeltis furcatawith 25℃and 85℃water,and 60℃ 4%NaOHwater solution.Based on the defatted alga,the yields of the polysaccharide were57.9%,2.5%and 2.6%,respectively.Their monosaccharide compositions,average molecular weights and structural characters weredetermined by gas chromatography(GC),high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)or13C-NMR spectroscopy.The results show...     

Effects of the heavy metal cadmium on photosynthetic activity and the xanthophyll cycle in Phaeodactylum tricornutum

A bstract Cadmium(Cd) is one of the most common and widespread heavy metals in the environment. Cd has adverse effects on photosynthesis that are countered by photosystem I(PSI) and photosystem II(PSII); however, the protective responses of these photosystems to heavy metal stress remain unclear. Using the model diatom P haeodactylum tricornutum, a biological indicator that is widely used to assess the impact of environmental toxins, we simultaneously measured the effects of Cd on PSI and PSII and examined the levels of pigments in response to high light treatments before and after Cd exposure. Cd significantly reduced the quantum yield and electron transport rates of PSI and PSII. The quantum yield of non-photochemical energy dissipation in PSI due to donor side limitation increased faster than the quantum yield due to acceptor side limitation. The Cd treatment activated the P. tricornutum xanthophyll cycle under artificial light conditions, as indicated by an increased diatoxanthin content. Xanthophyll is important for photoprotection; therefore, the accumulation of diatoxanthin may down-regulate PSII activities to reduce oxidative damage. Together, our results suggest that the rapid reduction in PSII activities following Cd exposure is an adaptive response to heavy metal stress that reflects the variable exposure to external stressors in the native P. tricornutum environment.