瓦斯在煤基多孔介质中运移及煤与瓦斯突出机理

分析了瓦斯在煤基多孔介质中的运移条件;推导和讨论了瓦斯在煤基多孔介质中运移扩散的基本方程和影响因素;分析了煤与瓦斯突出产生的机理和渗透力学条件。提出瓦斯在煤基多孔介质中的运动是孕育煤与瓦斯突出的前提,而瓦斯压力梯度与浓度梯度的存在是驱动瓦斯在多孔介质中运动的内动力;煤与瓦斯突出的危险性主要取决于瓦斯压力梯度及其变化量的大小,而和瓦斯的绝对压力大小没有直接关系。煤与瓦斯突出的条件是由煤基多孔介质中瓦斯压力梯度的大小和煤体固体骨架的抗剪强度大小所决定。低渗透性的构造煤因对瓦斯运移阻力较大而容易形成瓦斯压力梯度的增加,从而更易于发生煤与瓦斯突出。     

红雁池新11井温度梯度测量及动态分析

采用SZW-1A数字式温度计,对红雁池新11井进行温度梯度测量及动态分析,测量步进为10 m,每个测量点观测时间约1个星期。取完整、稳定的1 d数据进行计算,将日均值作为该点的温度观测值,计算该天观测数据的标准差和最大值最小值的差来进行动态分析。通过测量与分析认为,红雁池新11井梯度-深度拐点在400 m处,稳定性-深度拐点在470 m,而岩性交界面（泥岩到石灰岩的转换）在380 m处,井孔套管到378 m。从梯度-深度关系与稳定性-深度关系来看,新11井越往下,温度梯度越小,同时稳定性越好。综合测井数据,可能裸孔段为弱透水段,且受浅层低温循环水的注入影响。     

罗卜地喜山期斑岩体地质特征与成矿远景

罗卜地斑岩体属钙碱性岩系、中酸性岩类,共岩浆属混源型,同位素地质年龄为５２．７６Ｍａ。罗卜地斑岩体属同期多次序贯入侵位的复式岩体;成矿微量元素及矿化剂微量元素均具有显著异常;爆破角砾冉及其相应的垂直裂隙发育。通过对罗卜地斑岩石地球化学及其地质特征的综合分析研究,一致地表明罗卜地斑岩体为铜（铜）矿化类型斑岩体,具良好的成矿远景 。     

人类活动与中国沿海环境工程地质问题

文章通过对中国沿海环境工程地质问题的总结和与其它地区的对比，对沿海环境工程地质研究的特点有了进一步的认识。（１）中国沿海地区的生态环境是脆弱敏感的，环境工程地质问题是复杂多样的，在全球变化和人类活动日益加剧的条件下，未来的环境与发展问题较为突出，必须予以高度重视。（２）地震、洪涝、地面沉降、软弱地基、滑坡、泥石流以及海岸侵蚀和风暴潮灾害是中国沿海环境工程地质的主要问题，且彼此间有较为密切的相关关系。无论是理论研究还是灾害防治都必须重视学科交叉结合，尤其是与海洋科学的交叉渗透和社会经济学的结合。（３）沿海地区是中国经济最发达的区域，２１世纪这一地区的开发和建设将会更加迅速，因此，必须加强沿海环境工程地质的研究，扩大研究领域，建立系统的理论，既要重视对现状的总结，又要对未来的发展趋势有科学的判断，着重灾害的防治与环境的改造、未来的规划与设计，才能更有效地为沿海地区的环境与发展的协调做出工程地质学的贡献。     

Primary study on the diapir in the north of the Yellow River delta

Based on the measuring data of landforms, high-resolution seismic profiles, drilling cores, etc, a diapir body was found in the north of the modem Yellow River delta. The diapir body with a length of 5 km and a width of 1 km is distributed on the middle to low part of the slope of an abandoned delta lobe. Its formation is related to the deformity of the soft stratum which is deposited in the prodelta and covered by the stratum of the mouth bar sediments. Research results show that its formation is very different from the Mississippi River delta’s diapirs but related to the erosion of the seabed and occurs on the location with a large eroded quantity. The soft stratum and its diapir body can result in a great hazard to marine buildings. Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Z97E0’ 1004) and the Marine Oil Compny, Shengli Oil Bureau.     

鄂西北两次强降雪的滴谱特征和积雪深度预估方法

利用丹江口站Thies Clima激光雨滴谱仪(TCLPM)和地面人工加密观测资料对2010年12月14—15日和2012年1月20—22日两次强降雪天气滴谱演变特征及预估积雪深度方法进行了分析探讨,结果表明:(1)激光雨滴谱仪能自动识别降水相态,结合地面人工加密观测结果,气温高于0.7℃,降水相态为雨,低于0.7℃为雨夹雪,低于-0.5℃为纯雪,同时发现地面温度低于0.5℃,地面开始有积雪,且这两次过程地面风速比较低有利于地面积雪;(2)激光雨滴谱仪还可以很好地监测强降雪天气滴谱特征演变规律,回波强度(Z)、平均直径(D_m)、降雪粒子水含量(W)、数浓度(N)随降雪强度增强而增大,且两次过程中D_m、Z、N、W均与地面积雪速率(VSD)均有不同程度的正相关性,W与VSD相关性更好,分别达到了0.844和0.926;(3)选取降雪粒子水含量W与地面积雪速率进行一阶拟合,得出地面积雪速率预估方程,通过纯雪阶段地面积雪速率预估值(VSDF)和地面积雪深度预估值(SDF)与利用雨滴谱仪实测资料反演的VSD、SD两者进行比较,发现它们两者非常接近,说明通过这种方法可以较好地预估地面积雪速率和积雪深度,其结果可以再现地面积雪跃增的主要时段。     

Possible impacts of climate change on extreme weather events at local scale in south–central Canada

Synoptic weather typing and regression-based downscaling approaches have become popular in evaluating the impacts of climate change on a variety of environmental problems, particularly those involving extreme impacts. One of the reasons for the popularity of these approaches is their ability to categorize a complex set of meteorological variables into a coherent index, facilitating the projection of changes in frequency and intensity of future daily extreme weather events and/or their impacts. This paper illustrated the capability of the synoptic weather typing and regression methods to analyze climatic change impacts on a number of extreme weather events and environmental problems for south–central Canada, such as freezing rain, heavy rainfall, high-/low-streamflow events, air pollution, and human health. These statistical approaches are helpful in analyzing extreme events and projecting their impacts into the future through three major steps or analysis procedures: (1) historical simulation modeling to identify extreme weather events or their impacts, (2) statistical downscaling to provide station-scale future hourly/daily climate data, and (3) projecting changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events and their impacts under a changing climate. To realize these steps, it is first necessary to conceptualize the modeling of the meteorology, hydrology and impacts model variables of significance and to apply a number of linear/nonlinear regression techniques. Because the climate/weather validation process is critical, a formal model result verification process has been built into each of these three steps. With carefully chosen physically consistent and relevant variables, the results of the verification, based on historical observations of the outcome variables simulated by the models, show a very good agreement in all applications and extremes tested to date. Overall, the modeled results from climate change studies indicate that the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events and their impacts are generally projected to significantly increase late this century over south–central Canada under a changing climate. The implications of these increases need be taken into consideration and integrated into policies and planning for adaptation strategies, including measures to incorporate climate change into engineering infrastructure design standards and disaster risk reduction measures. This paper briefly summarized these climate change research projects, focusing on the modeling methodologies and results, and attempted to use plain language to make the results more accessible and interesting to the broader informed audience. These research projects have been used to support decision-makers in south–central Canada when dealing with future extreme weather events under climate change.     

近50 a鄂西山区雾和轻雾发生频次的非对称变化特征

以湖北西部山区宣恩站为例,利用1959-2009年的地面气象观测资料,对鄂西山区雾和轻雾的气候特征进行分析.结果表明,宣恩年雾日数平均为29 d,总体上呈减少趋势.该地区雾在每个月都有发生,冬季发生频率最高,夏季发生频率最低;该地区年轻雾日数总体上与年雾日数变化趋势相反,呈上升趋势,各月月平均轻雾日数在9~15 d之间,12月平均轻雾日最多,5月平均轻雾日最少.通过分析宣恩51 a来各气象要素的特征发现,夜晚最低气温呈上升趋势,相对湿度和降水变化不明显,14时能见度≥20 km的年日数呈下降趋势.分析认为,雾和轻雾发生频次的非对称变化趋势可能与大气中气溶胶粒子增多有关.     

中国沿海地质环境与区域持续发展的若干问题探讨

本文分析了中国沿海岩石圈动力学的基础特征, 指出中国东部沿海地质环境与灾害存在南北分异的格局, 阐述了沿海区域工程地质环境的基本规律, 并通过全球及中国近百年海平面变化, 以及人类工程活动对河口海岸地质环境影响的分析, 对沿海地区未来的地质环境与灾害趋向做了初步评估, 并认为中国沿海21世纪的环境与发展将面临严峻的挑战, 特别是环渤海地区。最后, 对影响沿海区域发展的若干问题进行了初步探讨并提出了几点建议。