车牛山岛铠平鲉繁殖群体生物学研究

利用2009年12月在海州湾车牛山岛调查采集的60尾标本,初步研究该海域铠平鲉群体的繁殖群体生物学特征。铠平鲉繁殖群体体长范围64～119mm,体质量范围6.4～60.2g,年龄组成Ⅱ～Ⅷ龄,性比1.5∶1,以Ⅳ龄和Ⅴ龄组占优势,成熟个体最低年龄为Ⅱ龄,最高年龄为Ⅷ龄。绝对怀卵量变动于327～7 706粒之间,平均3 387粒;相对怀卵量变动于29～204粒/g,均值126粒/g。绝对怀卵量与纯质量的关系为E=126 W-326.27,与体长的关系为E=6×10-7 L4.352。以矢耳石切片为材料鉴定年龄并用Von Bertallanffy方程描述其生长,结果显示雌雄生长差异显著,生长方程分别为雌性Lt=135.5×(1-e-0.158×(t+3.578)),雄性Lt=136.9×(1-e-0.148×(t+3.289))。根据生态参数判断,铠平鲉属于偏k-选择型鱼类。     

Characteristics of Seafloor Morphology and Ferromanganese Nodule Occurrence in the Korea Deep-sea Environmental Study (KODES) Area,NE Equatorial Pacific

Abstract

Seafloor morphology and ferromanganese nodule occurrence were studied using a multibeam side scan sonar (SeaBeam, 2000) and a deep-sea camera system in the Korea Deep-sea Environmental Study (KODES) area, northeast equatorial Pacific. Seafloor morphology and nodule abundance are highly variable even in this small study area. The NNE-SSW oriented hills are parallel and about 100–200 m high. Valleys are very flat-floored, while hilltops are rugged with depressions of tens of meters. Cliffs to about 100 m bound the valleys and the hills. The study area can be classified into three types based both on nodule occurrence and seafloor morphology, mostly G- and B-types and some M-type. G-type is characterized by high nodule abundance, ubiquitous bioturbation, and flat seafloor morphology, while B-type is characterized by irregular-shaped nodules, variable nodule abundance, occurrence of giant nodules and sediment lumps, rugged bottom morphology with depressions, and white calcareous surface sediments. Medium nodule abundance and a generally flat seafloor characterize M-type. G-type occurs mostly in the valley regions, while B-type is on the hilltop areas. M-type is located between the hilltop and the valley. Tectonic movement of the Pacific plate resulted in the elongated abyssal hills and cliffs. The rugged morphology on hilltops resulted from erosion and redistribution of surface siliceous sediments on hilltops by bottom currents, outcropping of underlying calcareous sediments, and dissolution of the carbonate sediments by corrosive bottom water undersaturated with CaCO₃. Sediment eroded from the hills, which is relatively young and organic-rich, is deposited in the valleys, and diagenetic metal supply to manganese nodules in the valley area is more active than on the hills. We suggest that tectonic movement ultimately constrains morphology, surface sediment facies, bottom currents and sediment redistribution, bioturbation, thickness of the sedimentary layer, and other conditions, which are all interrelated and control nodule occurrence. The best potential area for mining in the study area is the G-type valley zones with about 3–4 km width and NNW-SSE orientation.     

波谱仪调制功率谱估计算法性能的仿真研究

基于星载波谱仪海浪方向谱探测原理,仿真了不同海况、风速下的海浪波谱仪接收信号,并采用周期图法、Welch法、AR模型法以及最小方差法共4种不同的调制谱估计方法反演出海浪谱,比较各种调制谱估计方法的海浪方向谱反演性能。仿真结果表明:对于一定方位向下的一维海浪谱反演,不同调制谱估计方法反演海浪谱性能优劣没有绝对的顺序。对于二维海浪谱反演,在成长中海浪条件下周期图法反演性能最差,其他3种方法的反演性能没有绝对优劣顺序;对于成熟风浪,最小方差法在积分能量误差、有效波高误差两个指标上的反演性能最好,在主波波向、主波波长误差上,周期图法反演性能最差,其他3种方法没有绝对优劣顺序。在涌浪条件下,AR模型法反演性能优于其他3种方法。在不同海况下,随着波谱仪中心入射角的下降,反演性能会下降。基于这些仿真结果,本文推荐最小方差法作为充分成长海浪的海浪方向谱反演的调制谱估计方法,AR模型法作为涌浪海浪方向谱反演的调制谱估计方法。     

Rhynchoplax coralicola的繁殖及其幼体发育

本文讨论了实验室条件下Ｒｈｙｎｃｈｏｐｌａｘ ｃｏｒａｌｉｃｏｌａ的繁殖和幼体发育。Ｒｈｙｎｃ－ｈｏｐｌａｘ ｃｏｒａｌｉｃｏｌａ的幼体发育只有状幼体阶段分为３期。幼体孵出到发育为第一期幼蟹需１３天（Ⅰ期需１３天,Ⅱ期需６天,Ⅲ期需４天）,在温度２６℃时,成熟Ｒｈｙｎｃｈｏｐｌａｘ ｃｏｒａｌｉｃｏｌａ产卵两次其间隔时间为１５天。     

Comparison of turbulence schemes for prediction of wave-induced near-bed sediment suspension above a plane bed

Based on a wave bottom boundary layer model and a sediment advection-diffusion model, seven turbulence schemes are compared regarding their performances in prediction of near-bed sediment suspension beneath waves above a plane bed. These turbulence algorithms include six empirical eddy viscosity schemes and one standard two-equation k-ε model. In particular, different combinations of typical empirical formulas for the eddy viscosity profile and for the wave friction factor are examined. Numerical results are compared with four laboratory data sets, consisting of one wave boundary layer hydrodynamics experiment and three sediment suspension experiments under linear waves and the Stokes second-order waves. It is shown that predictions of near-bed sediment suspension are very sensitive to the choices of the empirical formulas in turbulence schemes. Simple empirical turbulence schemes are possible to perform equally well as the two-equation k-ε model. Among the empirical schemes, the turbulence scheme, combining the exponential formula for eddy viscosity and Swart formula for wave friction factor, is the most accurate. It maintains the simplicity and yields identically good predictions as the k-ε model does in terms of the wave-averaged sediment concentration.     

古田地震水口水电站重力坝强震观测记录的谱结构特征

通过对水口水电站重力坝强震反应台站在古田地震中获取的强震反应观测资料进行信噪比、反应谱和功率谱分析,得到如下结论:①大坝在0.7～15 Hz频率段的振动特性较为可信;②坝基和自由场输入地震动富于高频,峰值加速度反应谱存在较大差异;③坝基输入地震动存在差异性,建议今后此类大坝抗震设计时考虑多点地震动输入;④单个卓越频率携带的能量对反应谱影响不大,反应谱是和输入地震动总能量相关的;⑤坝体刚度较大,此次地震中还处于线弹性状态。初步了解了强震记录的地震动特性和大坝结构的抗震性能,对认识水库地震近场地震动特性和重力坝地震反应有一定的参考意义。     

Protection of seismic structures using semi‐active friction TMD

Although the design and applications of linear tuned mass damper (TMD) systems are well developed, nonlinear TMD systems are still in the developing stage. Energy dissipation via friction mechanisms is an effective means for mitigating the vibration of seismic structures. A friction‐type TMD, i.e. a nonlinear TMD, has the advantages of energy dissipation via a friction mechanism without requiring additional damping devices. However, a passive‐friction TMD (PF‐TMD) has such disadvantages as a fixed and pre‐determined slip load and may lose its tuning and energy dissipation abilities when it is in the stick state. A novel semi‐active‐friction TMD (SAF‐TMD) is used to overcome these disadvantages. The proposed SAF‐TMD has the following features. (1) The frictional force of the SAF‐TMD can be regulated in accordance with system responses. (2) The frictional force can be amplified via a braking mechanism. (3) A large TMD stroke can be utilized to enhance control performance. A non‐sticking friction control law, which can keep the SAF‐TMD activated throughout an earthquake with an arbitrary intensity, was applied. The performance of the PF‐TMD and SAF‐TMD systems in protecting seismic structures was investigated numerically. The results demonstrate that the SAF‐TMD performs better than the PF‐TMD and can prevent a residual stroke that may occur in a PF‐TMD system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震前兆探测对观测技术要求的再思考

将地震前兆探测分为依赖地震孕育过程中漏能释放的第一类检测方法和不依赖漏能释放的第二类检测法二种,当前,除改进第一类方法外还应积极发展第二类前兆检测技术,根据地壳运动观测频域的高频端已建立测震台网,低频端正在建设ＧＰＳ密集台网,极重要的中频段台站稀少的现实,提出当前应积极建设定点形变观测密集台风,填补中频段的监测弱视盲区,同时定点形变观测仪器要打好基础,进一步提高观测精度和信噪比。     

大兴安岭北部中生代花岗岩类地球化学特征及地质意义

依据在大兴安岭北部开展的1：20万水系沉积物地球化学调查项目所采集的岩石样品的元素分析测试结果，对中生代花岗岩类39种元素含量进行了统计，分析了元素的地球化学特征，提出了大兴安岭北部中生代花岗岩类元素的丰度值.认为大兴安岭北部中生代花岗岩类具有富钾酸性花岗岩和富铝中酸性花岗岩两种地球化学类型的特征，这些特征与中生代构造运动和岩浆活动关系密切.     

山东省寒武纪－早奥陶世岩石地层清理意见

作者对山东省怀远间断以下寒武纪－早奥陶世地层划分为２群、７组、５段，共１４个正式岩石地层单位。李官组、朱砂洞组和馒头组等碎屑岩为主者，新命名为长清群；张夏组、崮山组、炒米店组和三山子组等以碳酸盐岩为主者，仍沿用九龙群。