Accumulation and sources of heavy metals in urban topsoils: a case study from the city of Xuzhou, China

The knowledge of the variability, the anthropogenic versus natural origin and corresponding environmental risk for potentially harmful elements in urban topsoils is of importance to assess human impact. The aims of the present study were: (1) to assess the distribution of heavy metals (Sn, Li, Ga, Ba, Fe, Mn, Co, Be, Ti, Al, Hg, Cr, Sb, As, Bi, Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Se, Mo, Sc and Ag) in urban environment; (2) to discriminate natural and anthropogenic contributions; and (3) to identify possible sources of pollution. Multivariate statistic approaches (principal component analysis and cluster analysis) were adopted for data treatment, allowing the identification of three main factors controlling the heavy metal variability in Xuzhou urban topsoils. Results demonstrate that Hg, Cr, Sb, As, Bi, Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Cd, Br, Zn, Cu, S, Pb, Se, Mo, Sc and Ag could be inferred to be tracers of anthropogenic pollution, whereas Al, Ti, Ga, Li, V, Co, Pt, Mn and Be were interpreted to be mainly inherited from parent materials. Iron, Ba, Sn, Pd and Br were interpreted to be affected by mixed sources.     

一个典型的寒武系油藏:塔里木盆地塔中62井油藏成因分析

塔里木盆地志留系沥青砂岩广泛发育,主要原因是来源于寒武系的原油在进入志留系储层后区域性的抬升剥蚀使油藏遭到严重破坏,但到目前为止,究竟是寒武系烃源岩还是中上奥陶统烃源岩或是两者都对现今的志留系沥青砂岩中的有机质有贡献还不清楚.对塔中62井原油的化学组成和油源的分析表明,其甾萜类组成具有寒武系烃源岩的组成特征,反映该油藏原油主要来源于寒武系.另一方面,塔中62井砂岩透镜体被泥岩圈闭,油藏具有较好的保存条件,且后期中上奥陶统生成的烃类难以充注进入油藏.塔中62井志留系油藏破坏作用较弱、保存较好,是塔里木盆地在志留系发现的第一例来源于寒武系的油藏.     

挑战还是机遇：新冠疫情发生前后乡村旅游游客行为对比

为充分把握新冠疫情发生前后乡村旅游游客的行为变化,利用网络游记,基于旅游进展的时间逻辑构建乡村旅游行为模式,通过扎根理论对新冠疫情发生前、后浙江省乡村旅游者的行为变化进行比较。结果表明：1）乡村旅游行为包括行为动机、体验行为、评价感悟行为3个阶段,其框架可从行为时间、行为环节、行为内容、行为层次4个方面组织;2）新冠疫情的暴发给乡村旅游造成危机的同时也带来发展机遇,疫情下催生出包括疫情压抑反弹、逃离疫情阴霾、门票特价诱惑、寻求安全区域、出行时间限制和出行空间限制在内的六大新兴乡村旅游动机;3）旅游实际体验中,疫情背景下乡村旅游游客体验行为呈现一系列新特征,体现在交通选择行为、拥挤感知程度、消费行为、管理体验行为上,景区游客数量、景区管理措施、景区消费场所的改变能相应地影响旅游者行为;4）疫情下出行需求与现实矛盾激烈影响旅游者的情感,游客的情感表达更为复杂。     

Effects of temperature, salinity, light intensity, and pH on the eicosapentaenoic acid production of Pinguiococcus pyrenoidosus

The effects of temperature, light intensity, salinity, and initial pH on the growth and fatty acid composition of Pinguiococcus pyrenoidosus 2078 were studied for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production potential. The fatty acid composition was assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which indicated that the main fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0 and EPA. The highest EPA percentage 20.83% of total fatty acids was obtained at 20℃ with the temperature being set at 20, 24, and 28℃. Under different salinities and light intensities, the highest percentages of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and EPA were 17.82% and 31.37% of total fatty acids, respectively, which were achieved at salinity 30 and 100μmol photon m-2s-1 illumination. The highest percentages of total PUFAs and EPA were 38.75% and 23.13% of total fatty acids, respectively, which were reached at an initial pH of 6 with the test range being from 5.0 to 9.0.     

Enhanced biological activity by an anticyclonic warm eddy during early spring in the East Sea (Japan Sea) detected by the geostationary ocean color satellite

The high primary production enhanced by anticyclonic eddies and hourly variation pattern in the productivity during the spring season in the East Sea were first investigated using the first Korean Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI). Even though the stratification for a seasonal spring bloom is not well developed in the water column in early April in the East Sea, a physical upward water flux movement at the periphery of the anticyclonic eddies could remain the phytoplankton in euphotic zone to sustain high chlorophyll-a concentration conditions in the Ulleung Basin. At this time, nutrients were no major controlling factor for phytoplankton growth since concentrations of major nutrients (nitrate, silicate, and phosphate) were relatively high in the observed eddy sites based on the observation data from the Korean Oceanographic Data Center (KODC). The estimated mixed layer depth (MLD) significantly shallower at the periphery supports for this mechanism. The hourly primary productivity estimation based on a Carbon-based Productivity Model (CbPM) provides a bimodal pattern along the time especially in L1 with an approximately one order magnitude difference between the lowest and highest values of productivities on 5 April, 2011. Potential possibilities for this large discrepancy in the hourly productivity and some thoughts on a short time in situ incubation method were discussed.     

Development of atmospheric correction algorithm for Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)

This paper describes an atmospheric correction algorithm for Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) and its early phase evaluation. This algorithm was implemented in GOCI Data Processing System (GDPS) version 1.1. The algorithm is based on the standard SeaWiFS method, which accounts for multiple scattering effects and partially updated in terms of turbid case-2 water correction, optimized aerosol models, and solar angle correction per slot. For turbid water correction, we used a regional empirical relationship between water reflectance at the red (660 nm) and near infrared bands (745 nm and 865 nm). The relationship was derived from turbid pixels in satellite images after atmospheric correction, and processed using aerosol properties derived for neighboring non-turbid waters. For validation of the GOCI atmospheric correction, we compared our results with in situ measurements of normalized water leaving radiance (nL _w ) spectra that were obtained during several cruises in 2011 around Korean peninsula. The match up showed an acceptable result with mean ratio of the GOCI to in situ nL _w (??), 1.17, 1.24, 1.26, 1.15, 0.86 and 0.99 at 412 nm, 443 nm, 490 nm, 555 nm, 660 nm and 680 nm, respectively. It is speculated that part of the deviation arose from a lack of vicarious calibration and uncertainties in the above water nLw measurements.     

Predicting the rainfall-triggered landslides in a forested mountain region using TRIGRS model

Landslides are natural disasters which can pose a serious threat to human and property in many areas around the world. The Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-based Regional Slope-stability (TRIGRS) model was used to investigate the rainfall-induced shallow landslides in a forested mountain region, Korea. Various input data for TRIGRS model include time-varying rainfall, topographic characteristics, soil depth, material strength, and hydraulic properties. A series of calculations were conducted in determining the slope stability over the Jangheung region in Korea during the storm occurred on August 6, 1998. The results show that TRIGRS model captured about 64.1% of landslides that were extracted from the IKONOS2 imageries. The model demonstrated how the factor of safety changed with time during a storm considering both the transient and spatial responses of pore water pressure in its slope stability calculation.     

银川市可吸入颗粒物(PM10)来源解析

通过对银川市四个季度PM10样品采集和主要排放源(煤烟尘、土壤尘、建筑尘、冶炼尘)样品及地面扬尘样品采集,分析了其中的17种元素含量,用化学元素平衡法(CEB)定量计算了各主要排放源对PM10的贡献。结果表明：四类源之间PM10的元素含量有明显差异,四类源对PM10的贡献之和介于80～90％,平均为86．5％。春、夏、秋季各源贡献率差别不大,冬季差异明显,地面扬尘是PM10的重要来源。说明银川市治理PM10的主要对象是煤烟尘、地面扬尘及周边包括外来沙尘在内的土壤尘。     

沁水盆地南部高煤级煤储层孔隙分形特征

以沁水盆地南部的20个高煤级煤样品的压汞实验和煤岩煤质分析的结果为依据,探讨了孔隙分形维数的计算方法,分析了盆地南部地区高煤级煤孔隙分形特征。研究表明,高煤级煤孔隙分形无标度区为50nm~100μm,孔隙分维数在2.94~3.21,孔隙分维数与煤变质程度、孔隙度、大孔含量、体积中值孔径呈负相关关系,与中孔含量、吸附孔含量、退汞效率、灰分产率呈正相关关系,而固定碳含量、镜质组质量分数、挥发份产率、兰氏体积则以孔隙分维数3.05为拐点呈双U形或倒双U形变化。孔隙分维数可以作为反映高煤级煤储层吸附能力和解吸能力的一个重要参数,并依据孔隙分维数划分出该区富气易解吸区、富气难解吸区及含气解吸区。     

土体抗拉张力学特性研究进展

在传统土力学的观念中,土体通常不主动作为抗拉材料使用,土的抗拉强度很小,因而土体的抗拉强度往往被忽略或几乎视为零,造成土体抗拉强度理论远落后于抗剪强度理论。实际上,土体的抗拉张力学特性在土体变形与破坏的过程中起着非常重要的作用。总结了土体抗拉张力学特性试验的发展过程及发展特点,介绍了土体抗拉张力学试验的最新进展,并结合非饱和土力学及其抗拉强度理论的研究热点,认为对非饱和土合理统一的"吸力"认识仍然是非饱和土抗拉张特性研究的关键。然后,从岩土破坏模式角度,总结了岩土拉剪耦合破坏规律的8类破坏模式,分析了土体在此研究领域的现状,最后阐明了土体尤其是非饱和土的抗拉张力学特性研究现状的5个特点,展望了土体抗拉张力学特性新的重要研究方向。