VORTEX MOTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYERM*

Large vortices with scales ranging from hundreds meters to tens of kilometers are generally found in the atmospheric convective boundary layer(CBL).These vortices play important roles in the vertical transport of momentum,heat,water vapor and other tracers in the boundary layer.On the basis of the view of interaction between the convection in CBL and the gravity waves in the upper stable layer the authors developed a convection-wave theory on the formation of large vortices.According to the theory the wavenumber spectrum of the large vortices mainly depends on the atmospheric conditions in both of the upper and lower layers,such as wind speed,wind direction shear,stratification as well as temperature jump.In the present paper satellite image and weather data in a case of cold air outbreak over warm ocean are analyzed to study every stage of the convective processes,such as cloud street,convective cell as well as their transformation.According to the theory the wavenumber compositions for cloud street and convective cell are calculated,respectively,on the basis of the atmospheric conditions at every stage.The distributions of vertical motions,convergent band and disturbed interface are obtained and compared with the cloud patterns in the convective processes.Thus the study seems to offer a likely explanation for the origin of large vortices in CBL.     

森林冠层边界层湍流传输的观测和数值模拟

文中分析和模拟了森林冠层上下动量、热量和水汽传输的特征。结果表明：冠层对动量的吸收十分明显,非局地扩散通量在冠层上下的动量传输中起着很大的作用;白天在冠层下层结稳定,但冠层下观测的感热通量向上传输;夜晚冠层下层结不稳定,但冠层下观测的感热通量向下传输,白天和晚上都出现了热量的反梯度传输现象,从而证明在热量输送中,非局地扩散通量不可忽视。同时对冠层上下的水汽交换特征的分析表明：非局地扩散通量是冠层内水汽向冠层上传输的主要机制。     

Distribution of persistent organic pollutants in bivalves from the northeast coast of China

To assess the levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in the Chinese coastal environment, monitoring study using bivalves was conducted in 2005. A total of 21 bivalve samples covering the northeastern coast of China were collected and analyzed. Organochlorine compounds were widely distributed in the Chinese coastal environment, with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) contamination being particularly prevalent. The overall concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, chlordane compounds (CHLs), dieldrin, and endosulfans in bivalves were in the ranges of 3.27-25.4, 54.8-2680, 1.42-25.5, n.d. (not detected)-2.28, n.d.-4.02, and n.d.-9.55 ng g(-1) on a dry weight basis, respectively. The concentrations of DDT and HCH compounds are relatively higher than those from the coastal areas of other Asian countries. DDT metabolites were predominant, suggesting that the degradation of DDT is in progress in the Chinese coastal environment. Still, however, DDTs of high concentration exceeding 1000 ng g(-1) were observed at 19% of the stations surveyed. Among HCH compounds, beta-HCH, which is an isomer with strong persistency, was observed predominantly. Compositions of DDT and HCH compounds imply that fresh input of the two compounds into the Chinese coasts is possibly low.     

Identification of uncertainty in low flow frequency analysis using Bayesian MCMC method

This study employs the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method with the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) using a quadratic approximation of the likelihood function for the evaluation of uncertainties in low flow frequency analysis using a two‐parameter Weibull distribution. The two types of prior distributions, a non‐data‐based distribution and a data‐based distribution using regional information collected from neighbouring stations, are used to establish a posterior distribution. Eight case studies using the synthetic data with a sample size of 100, generated from two‐parameter Weibull distribution, are performed to compare with results of analysis using MLE and Bayesian MCMC. Also, Bayesian MCMC and MLE are applied to 36 years of gauged data to validate the efficiency of the developed scheme. These examples illustrate the advantages of Bayesian MCMC and the limitations of MLE based on a quadratic approximation. From the point of view of uncertainty analysis, Bayesian MCMC is more effective than MLE using a quadratic approximation when the sample size is small. In particular, Bayesian MCMC method is more attractive than MLE based on a quadratic approximation because the sample size of low flow at the site of interest is mostly not enough to perform the low flow frequency analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of nutrients and light intensity on the growth and biochemical composition of a marine microalga Odontella aurita

Algal biotechnology has advanced greatly in the past three decades. Many microalgae are now cultivated to produce bioactive substances. Odontella aurita is a marine diatom industrially cultured in outdoor open ponds and used for human nutrition. For the first time, we have systematically investigated the effects of culture conditions in cylindrical glass columns and fiat-plate photobioreactors, including nutrients （nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur）, light intensity and light path, on O. aurita cell growth and biochemical composition （protein, carbohydrate, β-1,3-glucan, lipids, and ash）. The optimal medium for photoautotrophic cultivation of O. aurita contained 17.65 mmol/L nitrogen, 1.09 mmol/L phosphorus, 0.42 mmol/L silicon, and 24.51 mmol/L sulfur, yielding a maximum biomass production of 6.1-6.8 g/L and 6.7-7.8 g/L under low and high light, respectively. Scale-up experiments were conducted with fiat-plate photobioreactors using different light-paths, indicating that a short light path was more suitable for biomass production of O. aurita. Analyses of biochemical composition showed that protein content decreased while carbohydrate （mainly composed of 15-1,3-glucan） increased remarkably to about 50% of dry weight during the entire culture period. The highest lipid content （19.7% of dry weight） was obtained under 0.11 mmol/L silicon and high light conditions at harvest time. Fatty acid profiles revealed that 80% were Cx4, C~6, and C20, while arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA） accounted for 1.6%-5.6% and 9%-20% of total fatty acids, respectively. High biomass production and characteristic biochemical composition profiles make O. aurita a promising microalga for the production ofbioactive components, such as EPA and D-1,3-glucan.     

Development of a seaweed species-selection index for successful culture in a seaweed-based integrated aquaculture system

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has been proposed as a concept that combines the cultivation of fed aquaculture species (e.g., finfish/shrimp) with extractive aquaculture species (e.g., shellfish/seaweed). In seaweed-based integrated aquaculture, seaweeds have the capacity to reduce the environmental impact of nitrogen-rich effluents on coastal ecosystems. Thus, selection of optimal species for such aquaculture is of great importance. The present study aimed to develop a seaweed species-selection index for selecting suitable species in seaweed-based integrated aquaculture system. The index was synthesized using available literature-based information, reference data, and physiological seaweed experiments to identify and prioritize the desired species. Undaria pinnatifida, Porphyra yezoensis and Ulva compressa scored the highest according to a seaweed-based integrated aquaculture suitability index (SASI). Seaweed species with the highest scores were adjudged to fit the integrated aquaculture systems. Despite the application of this model limited by local aquaculture environment, it is considered to be a useful tool for selecting seaweed species in IMTA.     

Pattern and origin of spherulites in a rhyolite dike swarm,northeastern Cheongsong, Korea

Several NNW-trending Cretaceous rhyolite dikes in the northeastern Cheongsong area of southern Korea contain spherulitic fabrics and are locally quarried as an ornamental stone. The dikes, part of the Cheongsong dike swarm, contain a variety of spherulites which are characterized by radial array of acicular intergrowths from fibrous quartz and alkali feldspars. They are classified as some simple, multiple and compound spherulite types from flower-like patterns, and the types are different each other in spatial distribution within the dikes. The various radial fabrics suggest that they crystallized under the different cooling mechanisms and processes in rapidly cooling dikes. Spheroids lacking a flower-like pattern may be precipitated after compositional segregation in a supercooled magma. Simple acicular spherulites could be crystallized by devitrification of true glass which cooled rapidly below the transformation temperature, whereas layered multiple spherulites could result from a crystallization of supercooled magma at relatively rapid cooling rates above the transformation temperature. Acicular multiple spherulites could be produced from a combination of the above three mechanisms operating at slower cooling rates.     

Metallogenic epoch of the oubulage copper-gold deposit in the alashan area,inner mongolia autonomous region北大核心

The Oubulage copper-gold deposit locates in the Alashan region of west Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, was fourid recently in an assessment performed by team 511, Inner Mongolia Nonferrous Metals Geological Exploration Bureau. With large scale potentiality, the deposit distributes in lower Permian volcanic rock and subvolcanic rock, the main hosting rocks are quartz porphyry, dacitic melted volcanic breccia and liparitic volcanic breccia. Single zircon U-Pb and quartz 40Ar/39 Ar methods are applied to determine U-Pb ages of quartz porphyry vein of metallogenic epoch, and 40Ar/ 39 Ar age of ore-bearing quartz vein. The experiment results show that the age of quartz porphyry is 277. 4±3 Ma and the age of ore-bearing quartz vein is 264. 3±0. 5 Ma, indicating that Oubulage copper-gold deposit was formed in the late Hereynian Period. This copper-gold deposit and other gold deposits in the same area, such as Zhulazaga gold deposit and Hulunxibai gold deposit, all were formed in the late Hereynian Period, implying that Hereynian Period is a major copper-gold ore-forming epoch in the west of China.     

Stable Isotopic Composition for Hydrothermal Vein Deposits, Southeastern Korea

The southeastof Korea has attracted considerable atten-tion in the geologic community because of its extensive ig-neous activity and associated mineralizations from the L ateCretaceous to the Early Tertiary (Cu,Pb- Zn,W- Mo,Bi andAu- Ag hydrotherm al- vein deposits,porphyry,skarn and al-tered clay deposits) .The southeast of Korea is composed ofCretaceous sedimentary Gyeongsan basin,volcanic and plu-tonic rocks.Most of the m ines are either closed or incapableof producing more ores becau…     

九资河—天堂寨地区燕山晚期花岗岩与大别造山带核部隆升

大面积分布在大别造山带核部九资河－天堂寨地区、构成著名的天堂寨花岗质杂岩体主体的燕山晚期花岗岩,包括九资河片麻状花岗岩、吴家山花岗闪长岩、天堂寨斑状花岗岩、薄力峰细粒花岗岩和笔架山浅色花岗岩等和个岩石类型（单元）。其围岩为遭受角闪岩相区域变质和混合岩化的新太古代大别杂岩。根据其与研究区主体构造－巨型ＮＥ向右行走测韧性剪切带的关系,这些花岗岩可分为同构造、无构造和构造后等３个构造类型。从岩石角度看,