Structural analysis and interpretation of the surface deformation associated with the Ning’er, Yunnan Province, China M S6.4 earthquake of June 3, 2007

The seismogenic fault and the dynamic mechanism of the Ning’er, Yunnan Province MS6.4 earthquake of June 3, 2007 are studied on the basis of the observation data of the surface fissures, sand blow and water eruption, land-slide and collapse associated with the earthquake, incorporating with the data of geologic structures, focal mecha-nism solutions and aftershock distribution for the earthquake area. The observation of the surface fissures reveals that the Banhai segment of the NW-trending Ning’er fault is dominated by right-lateral strike-slip, while the NNE-trending fault is dominated by left-lateral strike-slip. The seismo-geologic hazards are concentrated mainly within a 330°-extending zone of 13.5 km in length and 4 km in width. The major axis of the isoseismal is also oriented in 330° direction, and the major axis of the seismic intensity VIII area is 13.5 km long. The focal mechanism solutions indicate that the NW-trending nodal plane of the Ning’er MS6.4 earthquake is dominated by right-lateral slip, while the NE-trending nodal plane is dominated by left-lateral slip. The preferred distribution orientation of the aftershocks of MS≥2 is 330°, and the focal depths are within the range of 3~12 km, predominantly within 3~10 km. The distribution of the aftershocks is consistent with the distribution zone of the seismo-geologic hazards. All the above-mentioned data indicate that the Banhai segment of the Ning’er fault is the seismogenic fault of this earthquake. Moreover, the driving force of the Ning’er earthquake is discussed in the light of the active block theory. It is believed that the northward pushing of the Indian plate has caused the eastward slipping of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which has been transformed into the southeastern-southernward squeezing of the southwest Yunnan region. As a result, the NW-trending faults in the vicinity of the Ning’er area are dominated by right-lateral strike-slip, while the NE-trending faults are dominated by left-lateral strike-slip. This tectonic     

剪切波分裂分析系统SAM(2007)——软件系统

地震各向异性是一种普遍现象,利用剪切波分裂可以研究地壳介质的地震各向异性特性,这是地震学研究中的一个前沿课题。本文介绍了基于SAM(2003R)发展的剪切波分裂系统分析方法软件——SAM(2007)。SAM(2007)在保留原软件系统优点的基础上,修改和发展了新的功能,在资料预处理、数据分析和结果输出等方面都进行了更新或发展,增加了地震定位模块,使新的软件系统更适用于国内的区域地震台网或流动台网资料的处理和分析。     

Small variation of annual temperature in deep tunnel can produce annual variation in tilt and strain

In this paper,finite element method (FEM) of axisymmetric linear elastic model has been used to calculate the tilt and strain induced by small annual temperature variations in a deep tunnel. The results show that even if the am-plitude of the annual variation meets the construction standard of seismic station issued by China Earthquake Ad-ministration (the annual temperature variation amplitude in the tunnel is no more than 0.5 °C),a small annual tem-perature variation of amplitude just 0.2 °C in the tunnel would produce 10?7 rad changes in tilt and 10?7 changes in strain. Especially,at the end and the corner of the tunnel,changes of tilt and strain can be even larger. Therefore,in the future,it is an important task to reduce the annual temperature variation in the tunnel as far as possible. Within the tunnel,for both baseline instrument and pendulum instrument,the modeling suggests ways of construction of the tunnel and installation of the instrument to decrease the influence of the annual temperature variation.     

An Efficient System for Creating Synthetic InSAR Images from Simulations

In this work we visualize tsunami and earthquake simulation results with graphics hardware acceleration. The rapid improvement in the computational power of graphics hardware and its programmability has made general computation on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) very compelling. We generate Synthetic InSAR images using GPUs. Interference phenomena have formed the underlying theory for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) in unveiling dynamical Earth movements. In our approach light path differences are defined by the surface values to be visualized. These path differences then modulate the lighting intensity to generate the interference patterns. We can interactively visualize surface deformation patterns by leveraging the computational power of GPUs. Our visualization method is applied to simulations of rupture fault displacements during the tsunamogenic earthquake events, which are vital to understanding the subsequent wave propagation. We also integrate the visualization results into Google Earth virtual globe to provide the geological context of the visualized regions.     

First record of contourites from Lower Devonian Liptrap Formation in southeast Australia

Typical contourite deposits associated with submarine turbidite fan deposits are recognized for the first time from the Lower Devonian Liptrap Formation at Cape Liatrap, Victoria in southeast Australia. The contourites are well integrated within the turbidite fan deposits and are characterized by thin (5-8 cm), lenticular, well-sorted coarse-grained siltstones to fine-grained sandstones with current-ripples and cross beddings. The palaeocurrent directions of the turbidite fan and contourites are perpendicular to each other, with the former directed generally westward while the latter varying from 165° to 190° southward. In view of the facies types and architecture, we suggest that the turbidite fan was developed at the base of a westward inclined palaeo-slope, at the front of which the contourites were deposited as a result of southward flowing deep-sea contour (geostrophic) currents. The depositional setting inter- preted for the Liptrap Formation thus may provide a provisional model for the Lower Devonian conti- nental slope and abyssal basin environment in the southeastern part of the Melbourne Trough.     

Stretching characteristics and its dynamic significance of the northern continental margin of South China Sea

To investigate the thinning of the whole crust, and the contribution of the upper versus lower crust to the stretching since Cenozoic, we calculated the stretching factor of the northern margin of South China Sea with data such as whole crustal thickness, depth of Cenozoic sedimentary basement and the horizontal displacement of faults. An isometric line drawing on whole crustal stretching factor is then obtained. Along the seismic Line 1530 in Baiyun sag, we also calculated the stretching factors of the upper and lower crust. The results suggest that the whole crustal thickness decreases seaward while the whole crustal stretching factor increases from shelf to slope. The Moho upwells highest beneath where the crust is thinned most. The value of the whole crustal stretching factor ranges from 1.5 to 6. Two areas were thinned intensely: the center of Yinggehai Basin, and the Baiyun sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin. The calculation of the upper and lower crustal stretching factors from DSP1530 in Baiyun sag shows that the original crust of Baiyun sag should be thinned before deformation. Its pre-Cenozoic evolution as well as tectonic position during Cenozoic might be responsible for that.     

Dynamic simulation of interactions between major earthquakes on the Xianshuihe fault zone

The authors firstly evaluate the strain accumulation rate of the Xianshuihe fault zone based on earth- quake activity. We calculated the stress and seismic moment accumulation rate for each subsection of the Xianshuihe fault zone based on the distribution of geological slip rate and GPS survey results. According to the results, we get the recurrence intervals of characterized earthquakes on each sub- section respectively. A three-dimensional finite element model for western Sichuan is constructed to discuss the earthquakes triggering among major earthquakes (M>6.7) that occurred along the Xianshuihe fault zone since 1893. The calculated Coulomb failure stress changes (ΔCFS) show that 5 of the 6 earthquakes with Ms>6.7 were triggered by positive ΔCFS. The interactions between major earthquakes not only influence recurrence intervals of characterized earthquakes on each subsection, but also change recurrence behavior of major earthquakes along the whole fault zone.     

Constraints on rupture speed of the 2001 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>S</Subscript> 8.1 West Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake by co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements based on the slip-weakening mechanism with frictional undershoot involved

With co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements provided by the field observation for the 2001 M_S8.1 West Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake, this paper estimates the rupture speed on the main faulting segment with a long straight fault trace on the surface based on a simple slip-weakening rupture model, in which the frictional overshoot or undershoot are involved in consideration of energy partition during the earthquake faulting. In contrast to the study of Bouchon and Vallée, in which the rupture propagation along the main fault could exceed the local shear-wave speed, perhaps reach the P-wave speed on a certain section of fault, our results show that, under a slip-weakening assumption combined with a frictional undershoot (partial stress drop model), average rupture speed should be equal to or less than the Rayleigh wave speed with a high seismic radiation efficiency, which is consistent with the result derived by waveform inversion and the result estimated from source stress field. Associated with the surface rupture mechanism, such as partial stress drop (frictional undershoot) associated with the apparent stress, an alternative rupture mechanism based on the slip-weakening model has also been discussed.     

经验格林函数法与随机有限断层法在合成近场强地震动中的联合运用

本文采取将经验格林函数法与随机有限断层法相结合的方式,突出体现了各自方法的优点,通过经验格林函数法确定地震震源参数,用随机有限断层法计算参数、检验其合理性。利用1998年新疆阿图什M6．9级地震的肘L4．7级余震记录,合成了这次地震的最大余震Ms6．0级地震的加速度记录,并将合成的结果与实际记录在频域和时域做了对比,分析研究了地震动特征和这次最大余震的可能破裂特征。同时对经验格林函数法需进一步改进的方向进行了探讨。     

几种海洋蓝藻生长条件的研究

对Ｓｙｎｅｃｈｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ ｂａｃｉｌｌａｒｉｓ，Ｏｓｃｉｌｌａｔｏｒｉａ ｌｕｄ，Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｔｈｒｉｘ ｃａｌｃｉｃｏｌａ，Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａ ｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ等４各海洋蓝藻的生长条件的研究表明，除Ｓ．ｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ外，其他３种蓝藻在“ｆ／２”培养基中生长良好，外源生长因子对生长有不同程度的促进作用。Ｓ．ｂａｃｉｌｌａｒｉｓ适应较高光强，其温度和ｐＨ最适范围较窄，Ｓ．ｃａｌｃｉｃｏｌａ