塔里木盆地西北缘露头区奥陶系古溶洞地质建模

塔里木盆地西北缘奥陶系大型古溶洞广泛出露,为古溶洞露头地质建模提供了优越的条件。综合野外资料和Google Earth影像分析,将大型古溶洞以形态结构特征为依据划分成管道—厅堂连通型溶洞、单一管道孤立型溶洞、流线型溶洞3种类型;以存在形式划分成单一溶洞和溶洞群。其中,管道—厅堂连通型溶洞以潜流带型为主,在平面上沿主方位通过岩溶管道连接厅堂分布,厅堂大小不等,在50～50000m³之间变化;单一管道孤立型溶洞以渗流带型为主,平面上呈现单一管道线条状;流线型溶洞分布在潜流带中,从剖面上看呈近圆形、椭圆形和豆荚状等多种形状,包括顺层和斜交地层2种类型。结合各露头剖面中构造、地层条件及发育溶洞类型,明确管道—厅堂联通型溶洞受不整合面控制,分布在三间房、五道班和西克尔剖面中;单一管道孤立型溶洞受断裂系统控制,分布在一间房和硫磺沟剖面中;流线型溶洞主要分布在西克尔剖面,沿溶蚀沟道两侧分布;多种不同因素的耦合控制了溶洞群的分布。以此建立了综合大型古溶洞特征及其控制因素的古溶洞发育概念地质模型,以溶洞群为主要体积计算单元,通过与塔北奥陶系串珠进行体积对比,明确了地质模型的油气勘探意义。     

辅助微分方程完全匹配层在声波方程数值模拟中的应用

在地震波数值模拟中,为提高算法精度,需要使用高阶时间更新格式,而普通的非分裂完全匹配层（PML）吸收边界局限于低阶时间格式。辅助微分方程完全匹配层（ADE PML）是一种可以适应任意阶时间格式的非分裂完全匹配层技术,且可以直接应用复频移拉伸算子以提高PML在高角度入射时的效果。作者将ADE PML应用于声波方程四阶Runge Kutta时间格式的数值模拟中,对其吸收效能进行了检验。数值模拟表明,复频移ADE PML在高角度入射时表现优于非复频移ADE PML。另外,不同辅助变量更新格式的吸收效果存在微小差异,显格式下计算结果与解析解吻合较好。长时间能量衰减计算表明ADE PML可以稳定至2 × 10⁵时间步。     

Application of the stable-isotope system to the study of sources and fate of Hg in the environment: A review

With the improvement of analytical methods and the development of multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP/MS), research on non-traditional stable isotope (Cu, Zn, Fe, Se, Mo, Cr, Hg) in geochemistry has made tremendous progress in the past decade. Recent studies have demonstrated that both organic and inorganic reactions may cause Hg isotope fractionation, and variations of Hg isotopic composition in the environment have been successfully employed to explain Hg pollution history, Hg sources and tracking Hg pathways in nature. Furthermore, Hg isotopic fractionation studies can be a powerful tool in the calibration of global Hg cycling models. Stable isotope geochemistry of Hg is therefore becoming a new frontier subject in earth sciences. Based on summarizing previous research, this paper outlines the main advances in the study of Hg stable isotopes with particular emphasis placed on a brief explanation of Hg isotope analytical techniques, possible Hg isotope fractionation mechanisms observed in both natural and experimental processes, Hg isotope composition variations in different environmental matrices, and the application prospects of the Hg stable isotopes in environmental geosciences.     

保德区块中低阶煤层压裂施工砂堵原因分析及技术对策

针对保德区块中低阶煤储层压裂过程中容易出现砂堵影响储层改造效果的问题,根据研究区块的地质条件,结合水力压裂时裂缝在煤层中的扩展规律,分析了保德区块煤层水力压裂出现砂堵的4类主要原因,分别为煤储层裂隙相对发育造成压裂液滤失量增加、压裂沟通高渗透性的顶底板、煤储层本身有效厚度大滤失量增大及多层合压造缝不充分。在此基础上,提出了相应的技术对策,使用清洁压裂液、适当提高并稳定施工排量及优化压裂施工设计,为现场的水力压裂施工和提高煤储层改造效果提供重要指导。     

Seawater intrusion and coastal aquifer management in China: a review

Seawater intrusion has been an important topic in hydrogeology in China in recent decades. The rapid growth of the population and economy in the coastal regions has been consuming a tremendous amount of groundwater resources and has increased the extent of seawater intrusion. The spatial discrepancy of water resource distribution has caused the studies of seawater intrusion into China to mainly be concentrated on the area around the Bohai Sea in the northern part of China. The total area of seawater-intruded land due to excessive groundwater utilization in the area was estimated to be approximately 2,457 km² in 2003. Great efforts have been made to mitigate the extent of seawater intrusion and to secure more freshwater resources, including building monitoring networks, subsurface barrier and groundwater reservoirs, and artificial infiltration facilities. Management projects over the years were evaluated to satisfy the objectives and to provide valuable experiences for future research and planning. It is expected that the coastal groundwater conditions of the northern region will improve through the development of a national water resource plan, such as the ongoing south-to-north water diversion project.     

Analysis and characterization of the synergistic AIRS and MODIS cloud-cleared radiances

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and MODerate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua spacecraft measure the upwelling infrared radiance used for numerous remote-sensing- and climate-related applications. AIRS provides high spectral resolution infrared radiances, while MODIS provides collocated high spatial resolution radiances at 16 broad infrared bands. An optimal algorithm for cloud-clearing has been developed for AIRS cloudy soundings at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where the spatially and spectrally collocated AIRS and MODIS data has been used to analyze the characteristic of this algorithm. An analysis and characterization of the global AIRS cloud-cleared radiances using the bias and the standard deviation between the cloud-cleared and the nearby clear measurements are studied. Scene inhomogeneity for both land- and water-surface types has been estimated to account for the assessed error. Both monthly and seasonal changes of global AIRS/MODIS cloud-clearing performance also have been analyzed.     

Trace element and REE geochemistry of fine- and coarse-grained sands in the Ordos deserts and links with sediments in surrounding areas

In addition to mineral analyses, REE and trace element geochemical characteristics of fine- and coarse-grained sands in the Ordos deserts and other sediments in surrounding areas are investigated.Commonly the samples consist of quartz, feldspar and muscovite and less clinochlore, dolomite and ankerite. In few samples muscovite is absent.REE and trace compositions are spatially uniform for the same grain-size sands, suggesting that they could have the same sources or/and were well homogenized. However, fine- and coarse-grained sands in the Ordos deserts show different REE and trace element compositions. Fine-grained sands show higher contents of REE and trace elements than those of coarse-grained sands. They differ in Eu anomalies and (La/Yb)_N ratios although both fractions are characterized by the steep LREE and smooth HREE patterns. The fine- and coarse-grained sands are also distinct in some characteristic element ratios (e.g., Th/Co, La/Sc, Th/Sc and Y/Ni).REE and trace element patterns of the two different grain-size fractions are closely associated with geological properties of individual sources rather than the mineralogical differentiation induced by wind sorting. The coarse-grained sands mainly resulted from sandstone weathering in the Ordos deserts and movements of coarse particles by wind. REE and trace element patterns of fine-grained sands in the Ordos deserts differ from those of sandstones in the Ordos deserts, the alluvial sands in the surrounding mountains and the coarse fluvial sands in the Yellow River. They resemble the fine fluvial sands in the Yellow River. In addition, arid areas of Northwest China such as the Tarim Basin and the Alxa Plateau should not be ruled out as the source of the fine-grained sands in the Ordos deserts because these arid areas reserve plenty of fine-grained sediments and also located in the upwind directions of the Ordos deserts.     

福建浦城－三都澳和崇安－石城成矿带铅同位素特征及其地质意义

对浦城－三都澳和崇安－石城成矿带钢金锡多金属矿床及相关岩体的铅同位素特征作了系统研究和对比。结果表明，两成矿带不同成矿期以及同一成矿期不同区段间的铅同位素组成存在很大差异。并就此探讨了在成矿作用和岩浆作用动力学机制等地质问题中的意义。     

福清沙浦——平潭马腿推覆型韧性剪切带基本特征

福清沙浦－－平潭马腿推覆型性剪切带位于福建东南沿海褶皱变质带的北段，在“三山、平潭、高山、观音澳”幅１：５万区调工作中，我们首次发现并肯定了该推覆型韧性剪切带的存在，并作了详细的工作。     

Continual erosion of bare rocks after the Wenchuan earthquake and control strategies

The newly bared rocks created by the Wenchuan earthquake are undergoing continual intensive erosion in the form of detachment and movement of individual grains. Grain erosion is defined as the phenomenon of breaking down bare rocks under the action of insolation and temperature change, detachment of grains from the rockwalls by wind, flow down of grains on the slope under the action of gravity, and accumulation of grains at the toe of the mountain, forming a deposit fan. The Wenchuan earthquake, which occurred in Sichuan on May 12, 2008, caused thousands of avalanches and landslides and left scars on slopes and a huge area of bare rocks. Grain erosion causes flying stones, injured humans and resulted in numerous slope debris flows. The process of grain erosion and strategies to limit the erosion were studied by field investigations and field experiments. According to these field investigations and field studies, the most serious grain erosion occurs in spring and early summer when it is very dry. Rocks are broken down to grains under the action of insolation and temperature change. Then, wind blows the grains from the bare rock down slope. Experimental results showed that the amount of grains blown down by wind per area of rock surface per unit time is proportional to the fourth power of the wind speed. However, the size of the grains blown down by wind increases linearly with the wind speed. An experiment proved that grain erosion can be controlled with two moss species. Moss spores were mixed with clay suspension and splashed on bare rocks. The moss species germinated on the rock surface in one month and greened the bare rocks in two months. The moss layer protected the rocks from insolation and mitigated the effects of temperature change, thus effectively mitigated grain erosion.