Soil column infiltration tests on biomediated capillary barrier systems for mitigating rainfall-induced landslides

Rainfall-induced landslide is a common geohazard in tropical and humid regions. Capillary barrier system (CBS) is a popular and widely studied mitigating measure for rainfall-induced landslides. However, several previous studies have shown that the performance of the conventional CBS under intense rainfalls has not been particularly convincing. This paper aims to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of a newly proposed system, known as “biomediated capillary barrier system” (B-CBS) in minimizing water infiltration into soil. A one-dimensional soil column was used to investigate the infiltration characteristics of the proposed system. The results showed that the B-CBS of biomediated residual soil overlying original residual soil (Test IV) could effectively control the infiltration into soil by taking advantage of the less-permeable biomediated soil cover. The B-CBS of biomediated residual soil overlying gravelly sand (Test V) and the three-layered B-CBS of fine sand overlying gravelly sand and biomediated residual soil (Test VI) showed the best performance in terms of minimizing the water infiltration. A suction of about 5 kPa still remained in the soil column after 60 min of infiltration from the ponded water on the soil surface.     

Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Bayanhushuo area,southern Great Xing’an Range,NE China: constraints from zircon U–Pb geochronological and geochemical data of volcanic and subvolcanic rocks

This study presents new zircon U–Pb geochronology, geochemistry, and zircon Hf isotopic data of volcanic and subvolcanic rocks that crop out in the Bayanhushuo area of the southern Great Xing’an Range (GXR) of NE China. These data provide insights into the tectonic evolution of this area during the late Mesozoic and constrain the evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. Combining these new ages with previously published data suggests that the late Mesozoic volcanism occurred in two distinct episodes: Early–Middle Jurassic (176–173 Ma) and Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (151–138 Ma). The Early–Middle Jurassic dacite porphyry belongs to high-K calc-alkaline series, showing the features of I-type igneous rock. This unit has zircon ε_Hf(t) values from +4.06 to +11.62 that yield two-stage model ages (T_DM2) from 959 to 481 Ma. The geochemistry of the dacite porphyry is indicative of formation in a volcanic arc tectonic setting, and it is derived from a primary magma generated by the partial melting of juvenile mafic crustal material. The Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks belong to high-K calc-alkaline or shoshonite series and have A₂-type affinities. These volcanics have ε_Hf(t) and T_DM2 values from +5.00 to +8.93 and from 879 to 627 Ma, respectively. The geochemistry of these Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks is indicative of formation in a post-collisional extensional environment, and they formed from primary magmas generated by the partial melting of juvenile mafic lower crust. The discovery of late Mesozoic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks within the southern GXR indicates that this region was in volcanic arc and extensional tectonic settings during the Early–Middle Jurassic and the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, respectively. This indicates that the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate was undergoing subduction during the Early–Middle Jurassic, and this ocean adjacent to the GXR may have closed by the Late Middle Jurassic–Early Late Jurassic.     

甘肃南部大水金矿集区找矿标志及找矿潜力分析

甘肃南部大水金矿集区金资源丰富,已累计探明金资源量150余吨。本文通过地面高精度磁测、水系沉积物测量、土壤测量以及大比例尺地质剖面、构造蚀变填图等多元勘探手段,总结归纳大水金矿集区成矿特征与规律,并得到以下找矿信息:区内二叠系、三叠系碳酸盐岩与金矿关系密切,地层对金矿起赋存定位作用;断裂构造对成矿起主导地位;岩浆活动与金矿成矿作用之间存在成因联系;蚀变对金矿化起控制作用;土壤测量所圈定的金异常与矿体对应程度高,土壤次生晕是该区找金的直接标志;中酸性侵入体能引起磁异常,而金成矿与中酸性岩体有密切时空关系。根据上述找矿标志,在格尔托金矿矿区新增金资源量10t;在格尔珂金矿深部不仅控制已知矿体的延深,并且发现数条厚大盲矿体,新增金资源量3t。     

Position-domain integrity risk-based ambiguity validation for the integer bootstrap estimator

Integrity monitoring for ambiguity resolution is of significance for utilizing the high-precision carrier phase differential positioning for safety–critical navigational applications. The integer bootstrap estimator can provide an analytical probability density function, which enables the precise evaluation of the integrity risk for ambiguity validation. In order to monitor the effect of unknown ambiguity bias on the integer bootstrap estimator, the position-domain integrity risk of the integer bootstrapped baseline is evaluated under the complete failure modes by using the worst-case protection principle. Furthermore, a partial ambiguity resolution method is developed in order to satisfy the predefined integrity risk requirement. Static and kinematic experiments are carried out to test the proposed method by comparing with the traditional ratio test method and the protection level-based method. The static experimental result has shown that the proposed method can achieve a significant global availability improvement by 51% at most. The kinematic result reveals that the proposed method obtains the best balance between the positioning accuracy and the continuity performance.     

Quality assessment of GNSS observations from an Android N smartphone and positioning performance analysis using time-differenced filtering approach

GPS Solutions - Tropical cyclones are a serious natural disaster concern in Australia due to El Niño and La Niña phenomena. However, little attention has been paid to the ionospheric...     

尼泊尔低喜马拉雅推覆带油源对比及油气成藏

尼泊尔低喜马拉雅推覆带油气苗来源不清极大地影响了该区油气勘探.在地质-地球物理综合调查的基础上,利用油气地球化学、碳同位素及生烃史模拟对尼泊尔代莱克地区油源和成藏过程进行了研究.结果表明:①尼泊尔代莱克地区油苗产于Padukasthan断裂,可分两期,第一期呈含油断层泥产出,氯仿沥青"A"为149～231 μg/g,RR.为0.81％,氯仿沥青"A"的δ13C相对较重(-26.24‰～-27.10‰),族组分具有正碳同位素序列,发黄绿色荧光,为典型的低熟煤成油,第二期呈液态油产出并遭受微生物降解,金刚烷IMD指数为0.33～0.45,R.为1.24％～1.53％,3,4-DMD含量46％～47％,全油δ13C为-29.50‰～-29.45‰,族组分碳同位素趋于一致,发蓝色荧光,为海相成因高熟油;②第一期油来源于Surkhet群的Melpani组和Gondwana群煤系烃源岩,为Ⅲ型有机质低熟阶段的产物,第二期来源于Surkhet群的Swat组浅海陆棚相黑色页岩,为Ⅱ1型有机质生油高峰的产物,两期油与Lakharpata群过成熟黑色泥岩和Siwalik群未熟泥岩没有亲缘关系;③尼泊尔低喜马拉雅推覆带具有"多源多期、推覆增熟、砂体控储、披覆控聚"的油气成藏模式,油气成藏过程可划分为沉积浅埋、构造圈闭形成、深埋油藏形成、气藏形成和晚期改造定型5个演化阶段;④尼泊尔低喜马拉雅推覆有利于Gondwana群、Surkhet群深埋增温、持续快速生烃和晚期成藏,对比邻区巴基斯坦的含油气盆地,尼泊尔低喜马拉雅推覆带及相邻类似地区具备良好的油气成藏条件.     

四川盆地二叠纪栖霞—茅口期古地理格局转换及勘探启示

层序岩相古地理的重建工作对认识盆地的构造—沉积演化、沉积建造时空分布和油气勘探具有重要意义。特殊的构造位置和演化历史造就了四川盆地二叠纪的构造—沉积分异的复杂性。前人对四川盆地二叠纪的原始地理格局认识差异较大,一定程度上制约了栖霞—茅口组有利勘探相带的预测。在综合油气勘探地震、钻井及盆地周缘的露头剖面资料上,通过沉积旋回和层序界面的识别,将栖霞组划分为SQ1和SQ2两个三级层序,茅口组划分为SQ3—SQ5三个三级层序;基于沉积相标志和地层层序的宏观分布特征,重建了四川盆地栖霞—茅口期各层序的岩相古地理。结果表明:岩相古地理相带宏观展布揭示了盆地构造形迹由栖霞期的北东向转变为茅口期的北西向;构造—沉积格局由栖霞期准稳定背景的“隆—坳”分异向茅口期非稳定背景的“台—槽”分异转换;准稳定期的栖霞组有利勘探相带以相对平坦地貌的水下微幅隆起控制为主,呈现出“一带一环”的白云岩浅滩分布,非稳定期的茅口组则在区域张裂构造背景及同沉积正断裂活动的影响下,有利勘探相带受“一槽一半岛”的控制;栖霞—茅口期的台地边缘性质是先成浅水地貌成因的边缘,有利勘探区主要分布在边缘内侧的岸后云质浅滩相带,不同于礁滩沉积铸造的有利勘探相带为滨岸高能礁滩体的镶边台地边缘。     

东特提斯喜马拉雅下白垩统碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及其古地理

东特提斯喜马拉雅在中生代位于东冈瓦纳大陆的结合部位,其古地理对于了解东冈瓦纳大陆裂解至关重要.对东特提斯喜马拉雅塔嘎地区沉积地层进行了详细的碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究.结果表明,东特提斯喜马拉雅塔嘎地区采样剖面沉积下限为126.6±2.7 Ma.碎屑锆石年龄谱显示东特提斯喜马拉雅塔嘎地区采样地层主要包含~520 Ma、~890 Ma和~1 200 Ma的特征峰值年龄,对比结果表明东特提斯喜马拉雅塔嘎地区沉积地层碎屑锆石年龄谱与印度东部和澳大利亚西南部地层碎屑锆石年龄谱具有一定的相似性.结合东冈瓦纳岩浆活动记录以及该剖面下部玄武岩年龄,东特提斯喜马拉雅塔嘎地区地层沉积于东特提斯喜马拉雅从东冈瓦纳大陆分离时期,其物质来源可能为印度东部、澳大利亚西南部以及南极大陆.      

桂中都安-马山煌斑岩成因及其构造意义

为精确厘定桂中地区都安-马山带煌斑岩的形成时代并探讨其源区属性、构造环境及其动力学背景,对其进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、40Ar-39Ar金云母定年、Hf同位素分析测试和全岩地球化学研究.结果表明,锆石U-Pb定年未能成功限定煌斑岩的成岩年龄,但煌斑岩中发育大量2 578~1 650 Ma的捕获锆石,指示其存在太古宙-古元古代变质基底.金云母40Ar-39Ar定年结果限定了煌斑岩的侵位年龄为100.4±0.99 Ma.Hf同位素研究表明,ε_Hf（t）有正有负,且正值多于负值,表明岩浆源区主要以新生地壳为主,存在部分古老地壳的再循环.全岩地球化学分析显示,煌斑岩具有较低的SiO₂含量（47.66%~50.93%）及高的K₂O含量（4.98%~6.77%）、富集LILE和LREE而亏损HFSE（如Nb、Ta和Ti）,表现出富集地幔和俯冲流体交代作用的特征.桂中煌斑岩形成过程中,地壳混染作用十分有限,主要形成过程为:流体交代的富集地幔,在燕山晚期岩石圈的拉张-伸展背景下,部分熔融形成煌斑岩岩浆,同时NNW向的南丹-昆仑关大断裂为岩浆的侵位提供了通道.研究区煌斑岩形成于太平洋和印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞的动力学背景下.      

广东雷州半岛土壤氮、磷、钾元素地球化学特征及其土壤肥力评价

广东雷州半岛位于中国大陆最南端,是中国菠萝、香蕉、甘蔗等农产品重要产地。土壤氮、磷、钾等养分是作物生长需要最多的营养元素,对农业发展至关重要。文章通过对雷州半岛土壤取样,首次对该地区土壤氮磷钾的背景特征进行了分析,研究了不同成土母质、不同土地利用类型氮磷钾的含量水平,探讨了氮磷钾人为影响因素和时空演化规律,并进行了土壤肥力评价。研究发现,雷州半岛土壤中氮、磷、钾分布受地质背景制约,并受人为活动干扰强烈,氮、磷受人类活动影响显著,钾受人为扰动程度较轻。与20世纪90年代相比,表层土壤磷元素含量增幅较大,钾元素含量与前期相当。土壤肥力评价结果表明,雷州半岛土壤富磷,缺钾,局部缺氮。