Utilization of water resources,ecological balance and land desertification in the Tarim Basin,Xinjiang

Because of the human exploitation and utilization of water resources in the Tarim Basin, the water resources consumption has changed from mainly natural ecosystem to artificial oasis ecosystem, and the environment has changed correspondingly. The basic changes are: desertification and oasis development coexist, both “the human being advance and the desert retreat” and “the desert advance and the human being retreat” coexist, but the latter is dominant. In the upper reaches, water volume drawing to irrigated agricultural areas has increased, artificial oases have been enlarging and moving from the deltas in the lower reaches of many rivers to the piedmont plains. In the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River, the stream flow has decreased, old oases have declined, natural vegetations have been degenerating, desertification has been enlarging, and the environment has deteriorated. The transition regions, which consist of forestlands, grasslands and waters between the desert and the oases, have been decreasing continuously, their shelter function to the oases has been weakened, and the desert is threatening the oases seriously.

     

Effects of rock fragment cover on hydrological processes under rainfall simulation in a semi‐arid region of China

Rock fragment cover has long been an important agricultural crop production technique on the Loess Plateau, China. Although this approach plays an important role in controlling hydrological processes and preventing soil erosion, inconsistent results have been recovered in this field. In this study, we investigated the effects of rock fragment cover on infiltration, run‐off, soil erosion, and hydraulic parameters using rainfall simulation in the field in a semi‐arid region of China. Two field plots encompassing 6 rock fragment coverages (0%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 40%), as well as 2 rock fragment positions and sizes were exposed to rainfall at a particular intensity (60 mm h^?1). The results of this study showed that increasing the rock fragment coverage with rock fragments resting on the soil surface increased infiltration but decreased run‐off generation and sediment yield. A contrasting result was found, however, when rock fragments were partially embedded into the soil surface; in this case, a positive relationship between rock fragment coverage and run‐off rate as well as a nonmonotonic relationship with respect to soil loss rate was recovered. The size of rock fragments also exerted a positive effect on run‐off generation and sediment yield but had a negative effect on infiltration. At the same time, both mean flow velocity and Froude number decreased with increasing rock fragment coverage regardless of rock fragment position and size, whereas both Manning roughness and Darcy–Weisbach friction factor were positively correlated. Results show that stream power is the most sensitive hydraulic parameter affecting soil loss. Combined with variance analysis, we concluded that the order of significance of rock fragment cover variables was position followed by coverage and then size. We also quantitatively incorporated the effects of rock fragment cover on soil loss via the C and K factors in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. Overall, this study will enable the development of more accurate modelling approaches and lead to a better understanding of hydrological processes under rock fragment cover conditions.     

新疆S214省道防沙体系对近地表风沙流的影响

对新疆S214省道台特玛湖干涸湖盆段防沙体系内外的风沙流输沙和风速进行了同步观测,数据分析表明：观测时防沙体系中阻固沙带已拦截了大量风沙,虽近地表风速被削弱程度不大,但风沙流输沙的43.26%仍可被防沙体系所拦截和固定,而剩余部分则可借助路侧输沙带的较大风力输移到公路下风侧,且不产生路面沙害,表明阻-固-输结合型防沙体系非常适宜单风向强风沙环境。S214省道防沙实践可为其他强风沙环境公路防沙提供重要借鉴经验。     

高立式阻沙网的阻沙效果对比

设计了高120cm的4种结构HDPE阻沙网：均匀结构阻沙网（a）、大条带上疏下密式阻沙网（b,60cm宽条带）、小条带疏密相间式阻沙网（c,20或10cm宽条带）和中条带上密下疏式阻沙网（d,40cm宽条带）,布设在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的垄间平地。阻沙试验结果表明：（1）4种结构阻沙网积沙纵断面的蚀积形态均呈单峰,但积沙宽度和高度不同,3种非均匀结构的阻沙网积沙高度均高于均匀结构阻沙网,积沙高度c> b> d> a。（2）4种结构阻沙网积沙量c> a> b> d,积沙量均集中在下风侧分布,但b和c阻沙网积沙在上风侧的积沙量高于a和d阻沙网。（3）不同结构阻沙网积沙量及其空间分布差异主要与阻沙网结构的特殊风场结构有关。     

咸水滴灌林地风沙土中微生物群落代谢特征

选择Biolog技术方法,利用方差分析和主成分分析研究了不同矿化度水滴灌下塔里木沙漠公路防护林地土壤微生物的代谢活性。结果表明：随着培养时间的推移,微生物利用单一碳源的颜色平均变化率（AWCD）呈现升高趋势。培养48 h内小于0.5,处于缓慢增长期;48 h后进入对数增长期;216 h后进入稳定期;衰亡期不明显。随着滴灌水矿化度增大,AWCD值明显降低,这种差异主要由土壤微生物对胺类、酚类化合物、碳水化合物利用的差异所致。土壤微生物群落利用碳源活性的垂直差异明显,70~100 cm土层是AWCD值最高的区域,表层0~5 cm最小。AWCD值与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾、速效磷的含量、pH值、阳离子交换量、容重的正相关系数均大于0.85。因此,土壤微生物利用碳源的代谢活性差异主要由土壤化学性质所致,土壤全量养分和酸碱度是主要驱动因子。胺类、酚类化合物、碳水化合物是区分不同矿化度水滴灌下土壤微生物群落生态功能的敏感碳源。     

Wind Tunnel Experiment of Anti-erosion Efficiency on the Sand Beds Coverd by Different Shapes of Roughness-Elementes

In order to study the relationship between the shapes of roughness-elements on sand beds and the surface sand activity inhibition, we chose six shapes of elements including spherical, triangular pyramid shape, cylindrical, square shape, pie and hemispherical shape by hand with equal quality kept. We carried out the experiment with the 10% coverage on the wind tunnel. The results revealed that ① the erosion and anti-erosion rate of spherical, triangular pyramid shape, cylindrical and square roughness-elements were better than the pie and hemispherical on the non-sand wind; ② On the sand-driving wind conditions, spherical, triangular, cylindrical covered beds became erosion to erosion-deposition with the increase of wind speed, and the erosion rate was increased with the wind speed. When the wind speed was more than 10 m/s, the sand-beds showed a strong erosion, and the pie and hemispherical elements’ resistance function were weakest; ③ No matter the non-sand wind or sand wind, the erosion rate was affected by the elements’ aspect ratio, height and spacing. The slender elements with a prominent upper edge were clearly superior to broad rounded elements.     

Progress and prospects of applied research on physical geography and the living environment in China over the past 70 years (1949–2019)

Physical geography is a basic research subject of natural sciences.Its research object is the natural environment which is closely related to human living and development,and China's natural environment is complex and diverse.According to national needs and regional development,physical geographers have achieved remarkable achievements in applied basis and applied research,which also has substantially contributed to the planning of national economic growth and social development,the protection of macro ecosystems and resources,and sustainable regional development.This study summarized the practice and application of physical geography in China over the past 70 years in the following fields:regional differences in natural environments and physical regionalization;land use and land cover changes;natural hazards and risk reduction;process and prevention of desertification;upgrading of medium-and low-yield fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region;engineering construction in permafrost areas; geochemical element anomalies and the prevention and control of endemic diseases;positioning and observation of hysical geographical elements;and identification of geospatial differentiation and geographical detectors. Furthermore, we have proposed the future direction of applied research in the field of physical geography.     

基于熵权法和灰色关联分析法的海岛地震应急能力评价研究

我国有489个有居民海岛,多处于地震活跃带。提高地震应急能力是减轻地震灾害影响的有效途径,而目前应急相关的研究主要针对城市（区域）展开,尚无针对海岛的地震应急能力评价指标体系。为评估现阶段我国海岛的地震应急能力,该研究在前人基础上,从监测预警能力、应急救援能力、恢复重建能力和自然因素影响4个方面构建了针对海岛的评价指标体系,并建立熵权法-灰色关联分析法海岛地震应急能力评价模型。最后,以我国大陆沿海陆域面积小于200km²的5个海岛县为例进行分析,得到其地震应急能力由高到低依次为嵊泗县、长岛县、长海县、洞头区和南澳县。该研究可为我国海岛地震应急工作的开展和改进提供参考。     

中蒙俄经济走廊蒙古国段的风沙流特征

中蒙俄经济走廊穿越蒙古国主要生态类型区,本文对沿线的达尔汗、乔伊尔、赛因山达、扎门乌德4个观测区的风沙流进行研究,研究结果表明：① 风沙流水平输沙量均随高度增加而降低,两者最优拟合函数随下垫面变化而不同,达尔汗和乔伊尔为指数函数,而赛因山达和扎门乌德为幂函数。② 各观测区年输沙通量空间分异明显,其中乔伊尔最大,达尔汗其次,扎门乌德再次,赛因山达最小,这与传统认知有较大不同。③ 风沙流输沙通量空间差异与多种因素有关。乔伊尔处于海洋气流影响尾闾区,春季干旱发生频率高,正值风季,风速较大,风蚀强烈;其他地区春季干旱发生频率相对较低,其中达尔汗地处自然条件较好的北部河谷区,但由于农田开垦和过度放牧,风蚀较为强烈,而扎门乌德和赛因山达风季风速相对较小,且放牧强度较低,风蚀较轻。本文的研究结论对蒙古国因地制宜开展风沙灾害防治和荒漠化治理具有重要的参考价值。     

Allochthonous salt, structure and stratigraphy of the north-eastern Gulf of Mexico. Part I: Stratigraphy

Major sequence boundaries associated with eustatic sea level changes are correlated to the general stratigraphy of the north-eastern Gulf of Mexico. The details of a Middle Cretaceous Flooding Surface, marking a major break in sedimentation, are documented. The sequence stratigraphic work provides an example of the ‘stratigraphic signature of the Neogene’. Three major episodes of sediment accumulation are represented by: (1) Late Jurassic (150.5 Ma) to Middle Cretaceous (94 Ma) aggradation and progradation of sediments with significant sediment accumulation in the present shelf and slope areas; (2) an extended period of starved sedimentation during 94-30 Ma corresponding to Middle Cretaceous flooding events (93.5 and 91.5 Ma) and the lack of sediment supply; and (3) since Late Oligocene time, unusually rapid sedimentation rates that characterize the deep water study area. These patterns of sediment accumulation directly affect the formation of allochthonous salt in the study area.