Migration and enrichment of trace elements of Lower Palaeozoic carbonate rock strata in Beijing

Analyses of trace elements of the Lower Palaeozoic carbonate rock strata in Beijing show that the contents of As, Hg, F increase from primary carbonate rocks to weathered carbonate rocks and from primary carbonate rocks to the soil coexisting with carbonate rocks, but the distribution regularity of S is not obvious. In the whole weathered stages, the sorption of As is mainly affected by Fe2O3. In soil Fe2O3 is also the main affecting factor of Hg enrichment. The main existing forms of Hg in primary carbonate rocks should simply be physical adsorption, coprecipitation and false isomorphous form between surface of carbonate rock and Hg. In soil the enrichment of F has little relationship with sul-fides and Fe2O3. In primary carbonate rocks, F is mainly absorbed by sulfides and clay minerals, etc. Weathered samples have closer genetic relationships with primary carbonate rocks. This also implies that weathered carbonate rocks have the close existing forms to that of primary carbonate rocks. In primary carbonate rocks FeS2 and FeS are the main forms of S, and sulfides have fixation effect on some heavy metals, whereas in weathered carbonate rocks and soil the fixation effect is weakened.     

Population landscape: a geometric approach to studying spatial patterns of the US urban hierarchy

We present a geometric and graphic approach to studying spatial patterns of urban hierarchy in the US. The multiplicatively weighted Voronoi diagram is found to be effective for visualizing theoretical regions delineated by socio‐economic variables. The population landscape of the continental US demonstrates overall and stepwise patterns reflecting population, neighborhood and distance, with overwhelming influence from huge metropolitan areas. Stepwise exploration and cluster analysis of the spatial pattern reveal an urban hierarchy. Attributes and arrangement are the two important factors of urban hierarchy, with attribute having a stronger local influence and arrangement having a stronger global influence. The study also presents a variation of Zipf's law to visualize the rank‐size distribution from tabular and statistical space to map space.     

Field determination for roughness length above the different non-erodible surfaces

Non-erodible elements, for its disturbance to the near-surface airflow, have been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions to protect the surface from wind erosion. Roughness length was usually used to evaluate the protection effect of non-erodible elements from wind erosion. In this study, the wind profiles above five types of non-erodible surfaces including gravel, wheat straw checkerboard barriers, cotton stem checkerboard barriers, shrubs, and herbs were measured and analyzed. The wind velocities above these surfaces increased with height approximately in logarithmic functions. The roughness length of different non-erodible surfaces was calculated by the functions of wind profiles. The results reveal that:(1) Roughness length increased with wind velocity in given wind velocity ranges. (2) On vegetative surfaces, wind did not effectively bend the stems. The threshold wind velocity for bending the stems of Achnatherum splendens was 4 m/s, 10 m/s for Agropyron cristatum, and for Artemisia ordosica, no obvious bending of stems even for wind velocity reaching 12 m/s. (3) Correlation analysis results show that the vegetation''s coverage and frontal area affect the roughness length more significantly than the other parameters. (4) The protective results of these non-erodible elements were evaluated. The checkerboard sand barriers made of cotton stem could provide more effective protection than that made of wheat straw. In the same coverage conditions, vegetation could provide more effective protection from wind erosion than gravel, and the blending of different non-erodible elements especially the combination of blending of vegeation and checkerboard sand barriers could provide more effective protection to the surface.     

2009年夏季极区电离层加热实验观测研究

2009年夏季,中国在挪威特罗姆瑟(Tromsφ)利用非相干散射雷达进行电离层加热实验。实验中发现了处在150km附近的小范围温度增强事件和150—400km之间的大范围温度增强事件。前者的相对增幅明显,后者的绝对增量更大。对这两类加热事件来说,温度增量百分比均随加热功率的增加线性增长,但对比两类加热事件来看,增长速度随加热频率增大而减小。加热效应存在显著的二维分布特征,加热最强方向处在场向附近。加热效应受加热天线波束指向与地磁场的夹角影响明显,随夹角增大温度增强效应减弱。     

气候变化对中国大雾的影响

1 Introduction The global environmental problem caused by climatic warming has attracted increasing attention of the scientific communities, the public and governments of various countries. The mean temperature of the recent decade is the highest of the p…     

中国及邻区现代构造应力场的数值模拟

我国及邻区的现代构造应力场作为一平面应力问题用有限单元法进行了计算。将本区地壳看成是一不均匀的弹性板,根据各地区杨氏模量E、泊松比v和地壳厚度T的不同,组成12种材料区。全区被分成288个三角形单元。考虑了五种应力和位移边界条件,这些边界条件分别反映了印度洋板块、太平洋板块及菲律宾海板块对我国及邻区施加应力的相对大小。将计算得到的最大剪应力值与强震分布进行对比,将最大主压应力方向与震源机制解的最大主压应力方向进行对比,选择一种和实际符合得最好的边界条件作为可取的模式。结果表明:来自印度洋板块的作用力最大,大约是来自太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块作用力的两倍。     

泥河湾盆地虎头梁剖面河湖相沉积物磁组构特征及其环境意义

泥河湾盆地在第四纪环境变化和古人类演化研究领域占有重要地位。虎头梁剖面记录了中更新世以来泥河湾盆地逐渐消亡的过程。本文对虎头梁天然露头剖面进行了详细的沉积学、岩石磁学和磁组构研究。剖面沉积物中的磁性矿物以假单畴（PSD）的磁铁矿为主,还含有一定量的赤铁矿,磁组构类型为正常沉积磁组构。根据虎头梁剖面沉积相的划分和磁组构参数特征,将泥河湾盆地中-晚更新世晚期的演化过程划分为3个阶段：下部为第Ⅰ阶段（60~53m）,中部为第Ⅱ阶段（53~12m）,上部为第Ⅲ阶段（12~0m）,包含3个完整湖侵旋回,每个旋回由下部灰黄色粗粒三角洲相到中部黄灰色滨湖相再到顶部灰绿色细粒湖相组成,相应的磁组构参数值由大到小的变化规律,中部第Ⅱ阶段推断由气候因素主导,上部第Ⅲ阶段可能主要由构造驱动,长期稳定的优势古水流方向以NW向为主,而东坡遗址时期的古人类可能生活在湖侵阶段的相对短期湖退的滨岸地带。

     

近半个世纪来气候变暖背景下黄河流域潜在蒸散量的变化(英文)

According to the meteorological observation data of 72 stations from 1960 to 2010 in the Huanghe (Yellow) River Watershed, China, the long-term variations of potential evapotranspiration, calculated in the modified Penman-Monteith model of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, were presented, as well as the meteorological causes for the decrease of potential evapotranspiration were discussed. Since 1960, temperature has risen significantly and potential evapotranspiration a decreasing trend, which indicated the existence of "Evaporation paradox" in the Huanghe River Watershed. This phenomenon was not consistent spatially or temporally with the increase of temperature, potential evapotranspiration decreased in spring, summer and winter, mainly over most parts of Shanxi and Henan, and some parts of Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, and Shaanxi. During the recent half century, the trends of temperature and potential evapotranspiration were negatively correlated at most of the stations, while precipitation and potential evapotranspiration exhibited a contrary trend. Calculated in multiple regressions, the contribution to potential evapotranspiration change of related meteorological factors was discussed, including mean pressure, maximum and minimum temperature, sunshine hours, relative humidity and average wind speed. The decrease of wind speed in the Huanghe River Watershed may be the dominating factor causing potential evapotranspiration decreasing.     

The Geological Characteristics of Chengkou Type Shale Gas of Lower Cambrian in Dabashan

<正>1 Introduction After the successful implementation of large-scale shale gas exploration、development and utilization in United States,the domestic shale gas exploration and development is in a rapid development.However,the progress of exploration and understanding of the highEvolution shale gas in the complex structure zone of the outer basin are relatively slow,the evaluation method and     

冬季北极涛动和北极海冰变化对东亚气候变化的影响

本文简要回顾了冬季北极涛动 (北大西洋涛动 )和北极海冰面积变化对东亚气候变化的影响、研究中存在的问题以及目前亟待解决的科学问题。