Error assessment of grid‐based terrain shading algorithms for solar radiation modeling over complex terrain

In mountainous regions, solar radiation exhibits a strong spatial heterogeneity due to terrain shading effects. Terrain shading algorithms based on digital elevation models can be categorized into two types: area‐based and point‐specific. In this article, we evaluated two shading algorithms using designed mathematic surfaces. Theoretical shading effects over four Gauss synthetic surfaces were calculated and used to evaluate the terrain shading algorithms. We evaluated the area‐based terrain shading algorithm, Hillshade tool of ArcGIS, and the point‐specific shading algorithm from Solar Analyst (SA) in ArcGIS. Both algorithms showed shading overestimation, and Hillshade showed more accuracy with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.20%, as compared to the MAE of 1.66% of SA. The MAE of Hillshade increases exponentially as the spatial extent of the study area increases because the solar position for all locations on the surface is the same in Hillshade. Consequently, we suggest that the surface should be divided into more tiles in Hillshade when the discrepancy in the latitude of the whole surface is greater than 4°. Skyshed, which represents the horizon angle distribution in SA, is error‐prone over more complex terrain because horizon angle interpolation is problematic for such areas. We also propose a new terrain shading algorithm, with solar positions calculated using local latitude for each cell and the horizon angle calculated for every specific time interval, but without projections. The new model performs better than Hillshade and SA with an MAE of 0.55%.     

Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au,Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet,China: A review

The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.     

Implications of subduction and subduction zone migration of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath eastern North China,based on distribution,geochronology, and geochemistry of Late Mesozoic volcanic rocks

Several major volcanic zones are distributed across the eastern North China Craton, from northwest to southeast: the Greater Xing’an Range, Jibei-Liaoxi, Xishan, and Songliao Basins, and the Yanji, Huanghua, and Ludong volcanic zones. The Huanghua depression within the Bohai Bay Basin was filled by middle Late Mesozoic volcanic rocks and abundant Cenozoic alkaline basalts. Zircon LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP U–Pb dating show that basic–intermediate volcanic rocks were extruded in the Early Cretaceous of 118.8 ± 1.0 Ma (weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age), before Late Cretaceous acid lavas at 71.5 ± 2.6 Ma. An inherited zircon from andesite has a Paleoprotoerozoic core crystallization age of 2,424 ± 22 Ma (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb age) indicating that the basement of the Bohai Bay Basin is part of the North China Craton. Early Cretaceous basic and intermediate lavas are characterized by strong enrichments in LREE and LILE and depletions in HREE and HFSE, indicating a volcanic arc origin related to oceanic subduction. Depletion in Zr only occurs in basic and intermediate volcanic rocks, while depletions in Sr and Ti exist only in acid samples, indicating that the acid series is not genetically related to the basic–intermediate series. Formation ages and geochemical features indicate that the Late Cretaceous acid lavas are products of crustal remelting in an extensional regime. Combined information from all these volcanic zones shows that subduction-related volcanic rocks were generated in the Jibei-Liaoxi and Xishan volcanic zones during the Early Jurassic, about 60 Ma earlier than their analogues extruded in the Huanghua and Ludong volcanic zones during the Early Cretaceous. This younging trend also exists in the youngest extension-related volcanism in each of these zones: Early Cretaceous asthenosphere-derived alkaline basalts in the northwest and Late Cretaceous in the southeast. A tectonic model of northwestward subduction and continuous oceanward retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Plate is proposed to explain the migration pattern of both arc-related and post-subduction extension-related volcanic rocks. As the subduction zone continuously migrated, active continental margin and backarc regimes successively played their roles in different parts of North China during the Late Mesozoic (J₁–K₂).     

Average temperature calculation for straight single-row-piped frozen soil wall

The average temperature of frozen soil wall is an essential parameter in the process of design, construction, and safety management of artificial ground freezing engineering. It is the basis of calculating frozen soil’s mechanical parameters, further prediction of bearing capacity and, ultimately, safety evaluation of the frozen soil wall. Regarding the average temperature of single-row-piped frozen soil wall, this paper summarizes several current calculation methods and their shortcomings. Furthermore, on the basis of Bakholdin’s analytical solution for the temperature field under straight single-row-piped freezing, two new calculation models, namely, the equivalent trapezoid model and the equivalent triangle model, are proposed. These two approaches are used to calculate the average temperature of a certain cross section which indicates the condition of the whole frozen soil wall. Considering the possible parameter range according to the freezing pipe layout that might be applied in actual construction, this paper compares the average temperatures of frozen soil walls obtained by the equivalent trapezoid method and the equivalent triangle method with that obtained by numerical integration of Bakholdin’s analytical solution. The results show that the discrepancies are extremely small and these two new approaches are better than currently prevailing methods. However, the equivalent triangle method boasts higher accuracy and a simpler formula compared with the equivalent trapezoid method.     

西藏多龙矿集区铁格隆南铜(金)矿床黄铁矿特征及意义

铁格隆南斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿床是班公湖—怒江成矿带上最重要的矿床之一。本文以矿床内发育的黄铁矿为主要研究对象, 对其开展微量元素、稀土元素和硫同位素分析。依据产出状态, 黄铁矿可以分为黄铁矿-1, 黄铁矿-2和黄铁矿-3, 其中黄铁矿-2与浅成低温热液型矿化相关, 黄铁矿-3与斑岩型矿化相关。黄铁矿-1的Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Bi的含量最低, 黄铁矿-2的Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Bi的含量最高。Cu和Ni、Ag和Cu、Cu和Pb、Ag和Pb、Pb和Zn的相关性可作为黄铁矿-2和黄铁矿-3的辨别标志。黄铁矿-1的δ34S值(1.9‰)最大; 黄铁矿-2和黄铁矿-3的δ34S值在–4.5‰～0.3‰之间。黄铁矿富集轻稀土, 亏损重稀土, 具有“右倾”式稀土配分模式, 浅部(200—450 m)黄铁矿的轻重稀土分异程度较大, 以正铕异常为主, 而深部(700—1000 m)黄铁矿轻重稀土分异相对较小, 以负铕异常为主。铁格隆南矿床含硫热液运移方向为横向上从ZK1604向东运移, 纵向以ZK1604的230—250 m为中心向深部和侧向运移。黄铁矿中高含量的Cu、Au、Ag以及Ag和Cu、Pb和Zn、Cu和Pb、Ag和Pb的正相关性是指示浅成低温热液型矿化的重要标志, 而黄铁矿内Cu和Ni的负相关性是指示斑岩型矿化的标志。     

断陷湖盆洼陷带重力流沉积特征与模式:以南堡凹陷东部东营组为例

利用岩心、粒度、测井信息和重力流沉积理论,系统研究了南堡凹陷东部洼陷带东营组重力流沉积特征和沉积模式。该区重力流沉积砂岩常夹于灰色、灰黑色泥岩中,砂岩相发育,其中正递变层理(含砾)中-细砂岩相(S-3)、粉砂岩相(S-4)和块状层理中-细砂岩相(S-2)发育层数最多,块状层理含砾砂岩相(S-1)次之;S-2沉积厚度最大,S-1和S-3次之。按支撑和沉积机制,将本区重力流分为浊流、砂质碎屑流、颗粒流和液化流,其中砂质碎屑流以基质支撑、冻结块状沉积为特征。不同重力流发育程度有明显差异。从砂岩层数看,浊流最多,砂质碎屑流次之,颗粒流和液化流最少;从单期沉积厚度看,砂质碎屑流最大,平均为1.17m,浊流沉积最小,仅平均为0.25m。为了回避取心的局限性、弱化重力流成因,突出具有油气储集意义的砂层概念,开展了测井岩性解释,结果表明该区重力流沉积为细砂岩或粉砂岩,单层平均厚度2.94m,最大厚度可达9.5m,其中单井中厚度在3m以上的砂体可达22层、累积达107.5m。本区重力流沉积为滑塌成因,除了(扇)三角洲前缘斜坡的自然滑塌外,断层(地震)活动或间歇式火山喷发是其关键的触发机制;断层活动除了提供滑塌的动力外,还影响着其堆积场所和沉积的结构。     

Separation method for multi-source blended seismic data

Multi-source seismic technology is an efficient seismic acquisition method that requires a group of blended seismic data to be separated into single-source seismic data for subsequent processing. The separation of blended seismic data is a linear inverse problem. According to the relationship between the shooting number and the simultaneous source number of the acquisition system, this separation of blended seismic data is divided into an easily determined or overdetermined linear inverse problem and an underdetermined linear inverse problem that is difficult to solve. For the latter, this paper presents an optimization method that imposes the sparsity constraint on wavefields to construct the object function of inversion, and the problem is solved by using the iterative thresholding method. For the most extremely underdetermined separation problem with single-shooting and multiple sources, this paper presents a method of pseudo-deblending with random noise filtering. In this method, approximate common shot gathers are received through the pseudo-deblending process, and the random noises that appear when the approximate common shot gathers are sorted into common receiver gathers are eliminated through filtering methods. The separation methods proposed in this paper are applied to three types of numerical simulation data, including pure data without noise, data with random noise, and data with linear regular noise to obtain satisfactory results. The noise suppression effects of these methods are sufficient, particularly with single-shooting blended seismic data, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

The Network-Max-P-Regions model

This paper introduces a new p-regions model called the Network-Max-P-Regions (NMPR) model. The NMPR is a regionalization model that aims to aggregate n areas into the maximum number of regions (max-p) that satisfy a threshold constraint and to minimize the heterogeneity while taking into account the influence of a street network. The exact formulation of the NMPR is presented, and a heuristic solution is proposed to effectively compute the near-optimized partitions in several simulation datasets and a case study in Wuhan, China.     

大兴安岭北段奇力滨地区玛尼吐组火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

大兴安岭北段奇力滨地区玛尼吐组火山岩主要为粗面安山岩和粗面岩.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为142.2～141 Ma,表明火山岩形成于早白垩世.岩石地球化学结果表明,奇力滨地区玛尼吐组火山岩SiO2含量介于54.09％～64.89％之间,具有高铝 Al2O3(14.67％～17.27％)、高全碱 K2O+Na2O(6.33％～8.74％),较低的MgO(0.81％～2.71％)和Mg#(24.84～46.15),为高钾钙碱性火山岩;稀土总量(∑REE)介于146.51×10-6～193.29×10-6之间,轻重稀土分馏明显(La/Yb)N=8.5～15.52,弱的负铀异常(δEu=0.64～0.96);微量元素以富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损Ta、Nb、Ti、Zr、P等高场强元素(HFSE)为特征,同时具有Hf正异常和高Th/Ta、Th/Nb比值,较低的Lu/Yb(0.14～0.16)和Rb/Sr(0.02～0.17)比值.结合前人研究成果,本研究认为奇力滨地区玛尼吐组火山岩岩浆源区为俯冲消减板片流体交代的地幔楔部分熔融,在岩浆上升过程中经历了分离结晶作用和浅部地壳物质的同化混染.该区火山岩形成与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合造山后的岩石圈伸展和软流圈上隆作用有关.     

Dynamic response to fluid extraction from a poroelastic half‐space

In this study, the dynamic response of a poroelastic half‐space to a point fluid sink is investigated using Biot's dynamic theory of poroelasticity. Based on Biot's theory, the governing field equations are re‐formulated in frequency domain with solid displacement and pore pressure. In a cylindrical coordinate system, a method of displacement potentials for axisymmetric displacement field is proposed to decouple the Biot's field equations to three scalar Helmholtz equations, and then the general solution to axisymmetric problems are obtained. The full‐space fundamental singular solution for a point sink is also derived using potential methods. The mirror‐image method is finally applied to construct the fundamental solution for a point sink buried in a poroelastic half‐space. Furthermore, a numerical study is conducted for a rock, that is, Berea sandstone, as a representative example. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.