Two‐dimensional dictionary learning for suppressing random seismic noise

Dictionary learning is a successful method for random seismic noise attenuation that has been proven by some scholars. Dictionary learning–based techniques aim to learn a set of common bases called dictionaries from given noised seismic data. Then, the denoising process will be performed by assuming a sparse representation on each small local patch of the seismic data over the learned dictionary. The local patches that are extracted from the seismic section are essentially two‐dimensional matrices. However, for the sake of simplicity, almost all of the existing dictionary learning methods just convert each two‐dimensional patch into a one‐dimensional vector. In doing this, the geometric structure information of the raw data will be revealed, leading to low capability in the reconstruction of seismic structures, such as faults and dip events. In this paper, we propose a two‐dimensional dictionary learning method for the seismic denoising problem. Unlike other dictionary learning–based methods, the proposed method represents the two‐dimensional patches directly to avoid the conversion process, and thus reserves the important structure information for a better reconstruction. Our method first learns a two‐dimensional dictionary from the noisy seismic patches. Then, we use the two‐dimensional dictionary to sparsely represent all of the noisy two‐dimensional patches to obtain clean patches. Finally, the clean patches are patched back to generate a denoised seismic section. The proposed method is compared with the other three denoising methods, including FX‐decon, curvelet and one‐dimensional learning method. The results demonstrate that our method has better denoising performance in terms of signal‐to‐noise ratio, fault and amplitude preservation.     

Geochronology and geochemistry of the Early Cretaceous Jigongshan and Qijianfeng batholiths in the Tongbai orogen, central China: implications for lower crustal delamination

The Jigongshan and Qijianfeng batholiths in the Tongbai orogen consist mainly of porphyritic hornblende-biotite monzogranite, biotite monzogranite, and biotite syenogranite, which are variably intruded by lamprophyre, diorite, and syenogranite dykes. Mafic microgranular enclaves commonly occur in the hornblende-biotite monzogranite, whereas surmicaceous enclaves are found in the biotite monzogranite. Both batholiths have zircon U–Pb ages ranging from ca. 139 to 120 Ma, indicating their emplacement in the Early Cretaceous. The hornblende-biotite monzogranite has an adakitic affinity marked by relatively high Sr/Y and (La/Yb) _N ratios, lack of Eu anomalies, low MgO and Ni contents, and Na₂O > K₂O. Its chemical compositions, combined with enriched Sr–Nd isotopic signatures, suggest formation by dehydration melting of mafic rocks in a thickened lower crust. This thickened crust resulted from the Permo-Triassic subduction-collision between the North China and South China blocks and persisted until the Early Cretaceous. The biotite monzogranite and biotite syenogranite have low Al₂O₃, CaO, and Sr contents, low Rb/Sr, FeOt/MgO, and (Na₂O + K₂O)/CaO ratios, and flat HREE patterns with moderate to weak Eu anomalies. They were produced by partial melting of crustal materials under relatively low pressure. Partial melting at different crustal levels could have significantly contributed to mechanical weakening of the crust. The diorite and lamprophyre dykes show linear trends between SiO₂ and major or trace elements on Harker diagrams, with two lamprophyre samples containing normative nepheline and olivine. These rocks have high La/Yb and Dy/Yb ratios, both displaying co-variation with contents of Yb. They were originated from relatively deep lithospheric mantle followed by fractionation of olivine + clinopyroxene + apatite + Fe–Ti oxides. Extensive partial melting in the lithospheric mantle indicates relatively high temperatures at this level. We suggest that the presence of adakitic magmas, thickened but weakened crust and high temperatures in the lithosphere mantle point to lower crustal delamination in the Early Cretaceous in the Tongbai orogen.     

The existence of transversal homoclinic orbits in a planar circular restricted four-body problem

In this paper, we study the existence of transversal homoclinic orbits in a planar circular restricted four-body problem, based on the perturbation theory of integrable Hamiltonian systems. We start from a planar circular restricted four-body model and regard it as a perturbation of the two-body model. Then, in order to conveniently study unbounded orbits, we transform the infinite points to finite points by a non-canonical transformation, arriving at a non-Hamiltonian system with degenerate fixed points. According to the extended Melnikov method, we finally prove that there exist transversal homoclinic orbits in this four-body model.     

地理国情监测背景下测绘工程专业人才培养若干思考

在简要介绍地理国情监测主要进展与人才培养现状的基础上,对测绘工程专业人才培养进行认真思考,并对高校培养地理国情监测人才提出近期工作建议。     

川东北下三叠统飞仙关组鲕粒白云岩孔喉的空间展布与刻画

孔喉特征是储集层研究的核心,厘清储集层孔喉在三维空间中的展布对油气勘探与开发意义重大。文中借助微纳米CT立体成像技术和数字岩心技术对川东北飞仙关组残余鲕粒白云岩的孔喉特征进行刻画与描述,建立了微纳米级的孔喉三维空间展布模型,并计算了孔喉半径、形状因子、空间连通性等表征参数。此外,结合扫描电镜、压汞曲线等传统方法,对所建立的模型进行了有益的探讨和补充。结果表明,川东北地区残余鲕粒白云岩孔隙类型主要有粒间孔、粒间溶孔（铸模孔）、晶间（溶）孔、晶间缝和微裂隙等。其中,晶间孔和微裂隙为连通的喉道,其最小值可达20～30 nm。样品重结晶强烈,受重结晶晶体的生长及后期压实等改造作用的影响,喉道堵塞,储集层渗透性差。     

鲁西西部长清界首一带的泰山群——界首绿岩带简介

位于鲁西西部长清界首一带的“泰山群”由角闪绿泥片岩和浅粒岩组成,也含一定数量的片麻岩和变粒岩,少见混合岩。其中包括相当多的变质熔岩及岩浆杂岩。其层位可能有别于泰沂山区的泰山群。它的东部与泰山主峰地区的“泰山杂岩”以津浦沿线的界首糜棱岩带和界首断层相隔;西部被岩浆岩侵没。层序倒转,厚逾3000m。构成巨大的界首绿岩带向斜。在界首一带还有大量的金异常分布。     

区域人群状态的实时感知监控

 公众聚集场所人群高度聚集,流动性大,隐藏着巨大的安全隐患,时常发生群死群伤的拥挤踩踏等突发公共事件。针对现有以视频监控的人群分析,无法从空间视角掌握区域人群状态的时空格局,本文提出了面向人群分析的视频GIS框架,将视频数据映射至地理空间,在GIS环境下提取人群密度、人群运动矢量场等人群特征。通过分析人群运动矢量场可得到人群运动模式及各方向人群主体运动速率。最后,将视频监控系统与GIS进行有机集成,设计并实现了以视频与GIS协同的区域人群状态实时感知监控系统。实验结果表明,本系统可为大型集会活动的突发事件预防、人群疏导等提供决策依据。     

华北克拉通北缘赤峰地区显生宙麻粒岩的发现及其意义

华北克拉通构造体制从稳定向活动的转折是值得关注的问题。文中结合华北克拉通北缘赤峰和宁城晚古生代和早中生代两期麻粒岩捕虏体及其寄主闪长岩的研究,讨论其形成的不同构造背景,从而探讨体制转折的起始时期。赤峰柴胡栏子二叠纪镁铁质麻粒岩及其寄主闪长岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄分别为（262.3±3.1） Ma和（256.6±6.5） Ma,宁城河南营子三叠纪镁铁质麻粒岩及其寄主闪长岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄分别为（229.7±2.6） Ma和（221±3） Ma。在上述两个地区还发现晚古生代二叠纪的闪长岩脉等。通过对比研究认为：二叠纪岩浆活动具有大陆裂谷初始阶段的特点,高场强元素含量比较低;而三叠纪高场强元素的增高显示地幔部分熔融程度的提高。二叠纪岩浆活动与此时全球构造演化及邻兴蒙造山带出现的双峰式火山活动密切相关。而晚三叠世岩浆活动则与底侵背景下陆内伸展作用有关,是构造体制转折的标志。     

2D地震数据规则化中随机稀疏采样方案

地震数据规则化是地震信号处理中一个重要步骤,近年来受到广泛关注的压缩感知技术已经被应用到地震数据规则化中。压缩感知技术突破了传统的Shannon-Nyqiust采样定理的限制,可以用采集的少量地震数据重构完整数据。基于压缩感知技术的地震数据规则化质量主要受三个因素影响,除了受地震信号在不同变换域的稀疏表达和11范数重构算法的影响外,极大地取决于地震道随机稀疏采样方式。尽管已有学者开展了2D地震数据离散均匀分布随机采样方式研究,但设计新的稀疏采样方案仍然很有必要。在本文中,我们提出满足Bernoulli分布规律的Bernoulli随机稀疏采样方式和它的抖动形式。对2D数值模拟数据进行四种随机稀疏采样方案和两种变换（Fourier变换和Curvelet变换）实验,对获取的不完整数据应用11范数谱投影梯度算法（SPGL1）进行重构。考虑到不同随机种子点产生不同约束矩阵R会有不同的规则化质量,对每种方案和每个稀疏采样因子进行10次规则化实验,并计算出相应信噪比（SNR）的平均值和标准偏差。实验结果表明,我们提出的新方案好于或等于已有的离散均匀分布采样方案。     

围封对沙漠化草地土壤理化性质和固碳潜力恢复的影响

过度放牧是科尔沁沙地退化的主要原因,禁牧围封可以有效地控制牲畜对植被-土壤系统的破坏,促进退化生态系统的有效恢复。以过度放牧后的沙漠化草地为对象,调查了禁牧围封13年后沙漠化草地土壤理化性质的变化特征,并分析了围封对土壤固碳潜力的影响。结果表明：（1）沙漠化草地围封13年后,土壤砂粒含量减少、粉粒和黏粒含量增加,且粉粒增加最为明显,平均含量增加123%;土壤容重在不同土壤深度均呈下降趋势。（2）围封后土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量呈增加趋势,分别增加了102%、97%、123%和24%,但土壤有效磷和缓效钾呈减少趋势;土壤pH显著升高,阳离子交换量呈现增加趋势。（3）除土壤有效铁外,其余有效微量元素包括有效铜、有效锰和有效锌平均含量均呈增加趋势,分别增加44%、30%和82%。（4）土壤有机质与pH值、阳离子交换量、全氮、速效氮、速效钾、有效铜、有效锰、有效锌含量呈显著正相关关系。（5）沙漠化草地围封13年后,100 cm深度土壤有机碳储量增加393.45 g·m^-2,碳截存速率为30.27 gC·m^-2·a^-1。对于因持续过度放牧所导致的严重退化草地,禁牧围封可有效促进土壤有机质、养分和微量元素的增加,影响土壤质地及固碳潜力等的变化,但严重退化沙漠化草地的恢复需要一个长期的过程,土壤有机碳储量要恢复到科尔沁非沙漠化草地水平至少需要百年的时间尺度。