Surface Energy Balance Measurements Above an Exurban Residential Neighbourhood of Kansas City,Missouri

Previous measurements of urban energy balances generally have been limited to densely built, central city sites and older suburban locations with mature tree canopies that are higher than the height of the buildings. In contrast, few data are available for the extensive, open vegetated types typical of low-density residential areas that have been newly converted from rural land use. We made direct measurements of surface energy fluxes using the eddy-covariance technique at Greenwood, a recently developed exurban neighbourhood near Kansas City, Missouri, USA, during an intensive field campaign in August 2004. Energy partitioning was dominated by the latent heat flux under both cloudy and near clear-sky conditions. The mean daytime Bowen ratio (β) values were 0.46, 0.48, and 0.47 respectively for the cloudy, near clear-sky and all-sky conditions. Net radiation (R _n ) increased rapidly from dawn (−34 and −58W m⁻²) during the night to reach a maximum (423 and 630W m⁻²) after midday for cloudy and near clear-sky conditions respectively. Mean daytime values were 253 and 370W m⁻², respectively for the cloudy and near clear-sky conditions, while mean daily values were 114 for cloudy and 171W m⁻² for near clear-sky conditions, respectively. Midday surface albedo values were 0.25 and 0.24 for the cloudy and near clear-sky conditions, respectively. The site exhibited an angular dependence on the solar elevation angle, in contrast to previous observations over urban and suburban areas, but similar to vegetated surfaces. The latent heat flux (Q _E ), sensible heat flux (Q _H ), and the residual heat storage ΔQ _s terms accounted for between 46–58%, 21–23%, and 18–31% of R _n , respectively, for all-sky conditions and time averages. The observed albedo, R _n , and Q _E values are higher than the values that have been reported for suburban areas with high summer evapotranspiration rates in North America. These results suggest that the rapidly growing residential areas at the exurban fringe of large metropolitan areas have a surface energy balance that is more similar to the rural areas from which they were developed than it is to the older suburbs and city centres that make up the urban fabric to which they are being joined.     

Matter-wave interference in an axial triple-well optical dipole trap

This paper proposes a scheme of axial triple-well optical dipole trap by employing a simple optical system composed of a circular cosine grating and a lens. Three optical wells separated averagely by ～37 μm were created when illuminating by a YAG laser with power 1 mW. These wells with average trapping depth ～0.5 μK and volume ～74 μm³ are suitable to trap and manipulate an atomic Bose--Einstein condensation (BEC). Due to a controllable grating implemented by a spatial light modulator, an evolution between a triple-well trap and a single-well one is achievable by adjusting the height of potential barrier between adjacent wells. Based on this novel triple-well potentials, the loading and splitting of BEC, as well as the interference between three freely expanding BECs, are also numerically stimulated within the framework of mean-field treatment. By fitting three cosine functions with three Gaussian envelopes to interference fringe, the information of relative phases among three condensates is extracted.     

Combining pixel and object based image analysis of ultra-high resolution multibeam bathymetry and backscatter for habitat mapping in shallow marine waters

Habitat mapping data are increasingly being recognised for their importance in underpinning marine spatial planning. The ability to collect ultra-high resolution (cm) multibeam echosounder (MBES) data in shallow waters has facilitated understanding of the fine-scale distribution of benthic habitats in these areas that are often prone to human disturbance. Developing quantitative and objective approaches to integrate MBES data with ground observations for predictive modelling is essential for ensuring repeatability and providing confidence measures for habitat mapping products. Whilst supervised classification approaches are becoming more common, users are often faced with a decision whether to implement a pixel based (PB) or an object based (OB) image analysis approach, with often limited understanding of the potential influence of that decision on final map products and relative importance of data inputs to patterns observed. In this study, we apply an ensemble learning approach capable of integrating PB and OB Image Analysis from ultra-high resolution MBES bathymetry and backscatter data for mapping benthic habitats in Refuge Cove, a temperate coastal embayment in south-east Australia. We demonstrate the relative importance of PB and OB seafloor derivatives for the five broad benthic habitats that dominate the site. We found that OB and PB approaches performed well with differences in classification accuracy but not discernible statistically. However, a model incorporating elements of both approaches proved to be significantly more accurate than OB or PB methods alone and demonstrate the benefits of using MBES bathymetry and backscatter combined for class discrimination.     

Modern modes of provenance and dispersal of terrigenous sediments in the North Pacific and Bering Sea: implications and perspectives for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions

During expedition 202 aboard the RV Sonne in 2009, 39 seafloor surface sediment sites were sampled over a wide sector of the North Pacific and adjoining Bering Sea. The data served to infer land–ocean linkages of terrigenous sediment supply in terms of major sources and modes of sediment transport within an over-regional context. This is based on an integrated approach dealing with grain-size analysis, bulk mineralogy and clay mineralogy in combination with statistical data evaluation (end-member modelling of grain-size data, fuzzy cluster analysis of mineralogical data). The findings on clay mineralogy served to update those of earlier work extracted from the literature. Today, two processes of terrigenous sediment supply prevail in the study area: far-distance aeolian sediment supply to the pelagic North Pacific, and hemipelagic sediment dispersal from nearby land sources via ocean currents along the continental margins and island arcs. Aeolian particles show the finest grain sizes (clay and fine silt), whereas hemipelagic sediments have high abundances of coarse silt. Exposed sites on seamounts and the continental slope are partly swept by strong currents, leading to residual enrichment of fine sand. Four sediment sources can be distinguished on the basis of distinct index minerals revealed by statistical data analysis: dust plumes from central Asia (quartz, illite), altered materials from the volcanic regions of Kamchatka and the Aleutian Arc (smectite), detritus from the Alaskan Cordillera (chlorite, hornblende), and fluvial detritus from far-eastern Siberia and the Alaska mainland (quartz, feldspar, illite). These findings confirm those of former studies but considerably expand the geographic range of this suite of proxies as far south as 39°N in the open North Pacific. The present integrated methodological approach proved useful in identifying the major modern processes of terrigenous sediment supply to the study region. This aspect deserves attention in the selection of sediment core sites for future palaeoenvironmental reconstructions related to aeolian and glacial dynamics, as well as the recognition of palaeo-ocean circulation patterns in general.     

油气和含油气包裹体及其在油气地质地球化学研究中的意义

本文在综合前人研究的基础上，结合笔者的工作经验，提出了一个实用的油气和含油气包裹体分类方案，详细论述了各类油气和含油气包裹体的相态、组成和均一温度特征。在同一油气藏，均一温度越高，油相包裹体中的气态烃和挥发份的含量也越高。依据油相包裹体的均一温度的变化及其与同生水溶液包裹体的均一温度的关系可以研究油气藏在充填过程中油气组成，特别是气态烃和挥发份含量的演变。进而可以研究油气藏的油源--生油岩的类型和热演化程度。本文评述了依据油相包裹体和同生水溶液包裹体ＰＶＴ相图推断其捕获温度和压力范围的有效性和局限性。最后讨论了各类油气和含油气包裹体的成因机制及其在油气地质和地球化学研究中的意义。     

三分量磁饱和式磁力仪

本文概述了为青藏科考大地电磁测深工作研制的三分量磁饱和式磁力仪的原理、性能、用途和野外使用情况。 仪器的技术指标为:分辨率0.2伽（亻马）;灵敏度100毫伏/伽（亻马）;温度系数l伽（亻马）/℃;记录频带0-1.0赫兹;耗电量18瓦。 在青藏高原的地球物理考察中,用本仪器先后在藏南、藏北五个点进行了连续数月的野外地磁测量。从工作情况看,仪器工作正常,记录了一次完整的磁暴,为研究青藏高原地壳与上地幔的电性结构提供了一批有意义的资料。     

Exploring spatiotemporal relationships among meteorological,agricultural, and hydrological droughts in Southwest China

Each type of drought has different characteristics in different regions. It is important to distinguish different types of droughts and their correlations. Based on gauged precipitation, temperature, simulated soil moisture, and runoff data during the period 1951–2012, the relationships among meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts were analyzed at different time scales in Southwest China. The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), soil moisture anomaly percentage index (SMAPI), and standardized runoff index (SRI) were used to describe meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts, respectively. The results show that there was a good correlation among the three indices. SMAPI had the best correlation with the 3 month SPEI and SRI values. It indicates that agricultural drought was characterized by a 3-month scale. The three drought indices displayed the similar special features such as drought scope, drought level, and drought center during the extreme drought of 2009–2010. However, the scope and level of SPEI were bigger than those of SMAPI and SRI. The propagation characteristics of the three types of droughts were significantly different. The temporal drought process in typical grids reflect that the meteorological drought occurred ahead of agricultural and hydrological droughts by about 1 and 3 months, respectively. Agricultural drought showed a stable drought process and reasonable time periods for the drought beginning and end. These results showed the quantitative relationships among three types of drought and thus provided an important supporting evidence for regional drought monitoring and strategic decisions.     

Application of wavelet-artificial intelligence hybrid models for water quality prediction: a case study in Aji-Chay River,Iran

The accuracy of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), wavelet-ANN and wavelet-ANFIS in predicting monthly water salinity levels of northwest Iran’s Aji-Chay River was assessed. The models were calibrated, validated and tested using different subsets of monthly records (October 1983 to September 2011) of individual solute (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, SO₄ ^2? and Cl^?) concentrations (input parameters, meq L^?1), and electrical conductivity-based salinity levels (output parameter, µS cm^?1), collected by the East Azarbaijan regional water authority. Based on the statistical criteria of coefficient of determination (R²), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSC) and threshold statistics (TS) the ANFIS model was found to outperform the ANN model. To develop coupled wavelet-AI models, the original observed data series was decomposed into sub-time series using Daubechies, Symlet or Haar mother wavelets of different lengths (order), each implemented at three levels. To predict salinity input parameter series were used as input variables in different wavelet order/level-AI model combinations. Hybrid wavelet-ANFIS (R² = 0.9967, NRMSE = 2.9 × 10^?5 and NSC = 0.9951) and wavelet-ANN (R² = 0.996, NRMSE = 3.77 × 10^?5 and NSC = 0.9946) models implementing the db4 mother wavelet decomposition outperformed the ANFIS (R² = 0.9954, NRMSE = 3.77 × 10^?5 and NSC = 0.9914) and ANN (R² = 0.9936, NRMSE = 3.99 × 10^?5 and NSC = 0.9903) models.     

Late Quaternary clay minerals off Middle Vietnam in the western South China Sea: Implications for source analysis and East Asian monsoon evolution

High-resolution clay mineral records combined with oxygen isotopic stratigraphy over the past 450 ka during late Quaternary from Core MD05-2901 off Middle Vietnam in the western South China Sea are re-ported to reconstruct a history of East Asian monsoon evolution. Variations in Illite, chlorite, and kaolinite contents indicate a strong glacial-interglacial cyclicity, while changes in smectite content present a higher frequency cyclicity. The provenance analysis indicates a mixture of individual clay minerals from various sources surrounding the South China Sea. Smectite derived mainly from the Sunda shelf and its major source area of the Indonesian islands. Illite and chlorite originated mainly from the Mekong and Red rivers. Kaolinite was provided mainly by the Pearl River. Spectral analysis of the kaolin-ite/(illite chlorite) ratio displays a strong eccentricity period of 100 ka, implying the ice sheet-forced win-ter monsoon evolution; whereas higher frequency changes in the smectite content show an ice sheet-forced obliquity period of 41 ka, and precession periods of 23 and 19 ka and a semi-precession period of 13 ka as well, implying the tropical-forced summer monsoon evolution. The winter monsoon evolution is generally in coherence with the glacial-interglacial cyclicity, with intensified winter monsoon winds during glacials and weakened winter monsoon winds during interglacials; whereas the summer monsoon evolution provides an almost linear response to the summer insolation of low latitude in the Northern Hemisphere, with strengthened summer monsoon during higher insolation and weakened summer monsoon during lower insolation. The result suggests that the high-latitude ice sheet and low-latitude tropical factor could drive the late Quaternary evolution of East Asian winter and summer monsoons, respectively, implying their diplex and self-contained forcing mechanism.     

川青藏地区的地震活动及震源特征

在分析区域地震活动和构造环境及利用ＧＤＳＮ的宽频带波形资料分析震源破裂特征的基础上,结合余震资料,讨论了１９８８～１９９０年发生在四川和青海的９次强震的震源破裂和余震分布特征,分析了四川、青海、西藏相邻区域内的地震能量迁移,并用单键群分析方法对１９７０年以来的地震活动总体图象进行了研究。结果表明,这些地震的震源性质与构造应力环境相符,但青海地震的震源都具有较大的逆掩分量,与过去的走滑震源性质不同,而四川地震的震源Ｐ轴不接近水平方向与当地的“Ｙ”字形复杂构造有关