Zhangmu deposit is a typical soil-rock mixture (S-RM) deposit made up of very complicated inhomogeneous materials containing soil matrix and rock blocks of various sizes. The slope shows evidences of instability phenomena characterized by shallow landslides and several extensive cracks along slide crown, which seriously affects the life of local residents. In order to characterize the mechanical behavior of the deposit with evaluation of the actual strength parameters and permeability while taking into account the influence of the block proportion, seven test points were established for in situ S-RM and constant-head injection tests on a large scale. The results indicated a larger internal friction angle and lower cohesion for S-RM from in situ tests compared to tests results obtained from laboratory testing. Moreover, it was noted that the strength parameters were correlated with the block proportion by weight (WBP) of S-RM, while both internal friction angle and cohesion were observed to be strongly affected by a critical WBP threshold (70 %), which is in agreement with the common S-RM mechanical behavior. Furthermore, permeability increases with WBP increase to more than 70 %, denoting a similar threshold to the findings observed in strength characteristics. 相似文献
Sea levels of different atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) respond to climate change forcing in different ways, representing a crucial uncertainty in climate change research. We isolate the role of the ocean dynamics in setting the spatial pattern of dynamic sea-level (ζ) change by forcing several AOGCMs with prescribed identical heat, momentum (wind) and freshwater flux perturbations. This method produces a ζ projection spread comparable in magnitude to the spread that results from greenhouse gas forcing, indicating that the differences in ocean model formulation are the cause, rather than diversity in surface flux change. The heat flux change drives most of the global pattern of ζ change, while the momentum and water flux changes cause locally confined features. North Atlantic heat uptake causes large temperature and salinity driven density changes, altering local ocean transport and ζ. The spread between AOGCMs here is caused largely by differences in their regional transport adjustment, which redistributes heat that was already in the ocean prior to perturbation. The geographic details of the ζ change in the North Atlantic are diverse across models, but the underlying dynamic change is similar. In contrast, the heat absorbed by the Southern Ocean does not strongly alter the vertically coherent circulation. The Arctic ζ change is dissimilar across models, owing to differences in passive heat uptake and circulation change. Only the Arctic is strongly affected by nonlinear interactions between the three air-sea flux changes, and these are model specific.
