海洋观测数据在海洋预报和海洋防灾减灾中的适用——以温州市和台州市为例

为完善海洋观测体系,提高海洋观测数据在海洋预报和海洋防灾减灾中的适用性,文章以海洋经济较发达和遭受海洋灾害较多的温州市和台州市为例,选取潮位、波浪和水温3个重要海洋观测要素,分析海洋观测数据在海洋预报和海洋防灾减灾中的适用,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明:由于观测时间较短、地理位置特殊和数据代表性不足,海洋观测站的潮位数据未能在台风风暴潮的预报和防灾减灾中有效发挥作用;由于波浪观测仪器布设位置的地形阻挡和观测站少,波浪数据的预报准确性和实际应用不足;个别观测站的水温数据不适用于大面海洋环境和赤潮的预报,且缺少对低温灾害的观测。针对海洋观测数据的实际应用与相关业务脱节的问题,未来应提高观测数据质量、紧密结合当地海洋预报和海洋防灾减灾工作需求、开展重点目标保障预报工作以及加强海洋观测宣传教育。     

四君子汤加减联合阿帕替尼治疗老年晚期胃癌脾胃气虚证30例

目的：观察四君子汤加减联合阿帕替尼治疗老年晚期胃癌脾胃气虚证患者的临床效果及不良反应情况。方法：将60例老年晚期胃癌脾胃气虚证患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各30例。对照组口服阿帕替尼治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上加服四君子汤加减治疗。观察2组的近期疗效、KPS评分,治疗组用药前后CEA、CA199、CA72-4水平变化,2组免疫功能及不良反应情况。结果：治疗组患者客观缓解率和疾病控制率分别为56.67%、93.33%,优于对照组的30.00%、66.67%,2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患者KPS评分治疗前后组内比较及治疗后组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗组CEA、CA199、CA72-4水平治疗后较治疗前明显下降（P<0.01）。对照组CD4^{+、CD4+/CD8+水平治疗后较治疗前升高;治疗组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平较治疗前升高,且治疗组CD3+、CD4+水平升高幅度优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗组不良反应如白细胞减少、乏力、蛋白尿、血压升高等发生情况明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：四君子汤加减联合阿帕替尼治疗老年晚期胃癌脾胃气虚证患者效果较单用阿帕替尼为优,可有效降低CEA、CA199、CA72-4水平,提高患者免疫功能,且不良反应发生率低,值得临床推广。}     

GPU ray casting method for visualizing 3D pipelines in a virtual globe

Pipelines are an important part of urban infrastructure development. As part of a virtual globe (VG), the high-efficiency and high-quality visualization of 3D large-scale and high-density urban pipelines is of great importance. This paper proposes a GPU-based pipeline ray casting method for the visualization of urban-scale pipelines in the framework of a VG. The method involves the initial partitioning of the pipeline data into tiles, based on the relationship between the pipeline layer scale and the discrete global grid system (DGGSs). The pipeline centerline in each tile is then segmented and encoded, and a coarser pipeline bounding volume is subsequently constructed using a geometry shader. Finally, the fine 3D pipeline is rendered using a pixel shader. The results of the experimental implementation of the proposed method show that it satisfies the requirements for the multiscale visualization of pipelines in a VG. Moreover, compared with the traditional polygon-based method, the method facilitates a 20% increase in rendering frame rate for the same pixel level accuracy display effect. It also enables the visualization of the thickness of the 3D pipeline without any obvious effect on the rendering efficiency.     

A comprehensive optimization strategy for real-time spatial feature sharing and visual analytics in cyberinfrastructure

For geospatial cyberinfrastructure-enabled web services, the ability of rapidly transmitting and sharing spatial data over the Internet plays a critical role to meet the demands of real-time change detection, response and decision-making. Especially for vector datasets which serve as irreplaceable and concrete material in data-driven geospatial applications, their rich geometry and property information facilitates the development of interactive, efficient and intelligent data analysis and visualization applications. However, the big-data issues of vector datasets have hindered their wide adoption in web services. In this research, we propose a comprehensive optimization strategy to enhance the performance of vector data transmitting and processing. This strategy combines: (1) pre- and on-the-fly generalization, which automatically determines proper simplification level through the introduction of appropriate distance tolerance speed up simplification efficiency; (2) a progressive attribute transmission method to reduce data size and, therefore, the service response time; (3) compressed data transmission and dynamic adoption of a compression method to maximize the service efficiency under different computing and network environments. A cyberinfrastructure web portal was developed for implementing the proposed technologies. After applying our optimization strategies, substantial performance enhancement is achieved. We expect this work to facilitate real-time spatial feature sharing, visual analytics and decision-making.     

瓯江口海域春秋季鱼类多样性及群落结构研究

根据2013年5月(春)、2013年10月(秋)在温州瓯江口海域进行渔业资源定点拖网调查获得的鱼类数据,利用渔获率作为数量分布的指标,对瓯江口海域的鱼类生态类群和鱼类种类组成、优势种、物种数目空间分布及多样性和鱼类群落结构进行了分析。结果显示:两次调查共鉴定鱼类66种,隶属12目37科51属,其中暖温性鱼类29种,占44%,暖水性鱼类37种,占66%,种类季节间变化较为稳定,优势种季节更替明显,春季优势种有银鲳Pampus argenteus、花鲈Lateolabrax japonicus、日本鳀Engraulis japonicus、棕腹刺鲀Gastrophysus spadiceus 4种,而秋季为花鲈、斑鰶Konosirus punctatus、龙头鱼Harpodon nehereus 3种;种类数平面分布结果显示,种类数春季沿岸区域高,秋季岛礁区域高,生物多样性春季高于秋季;多样性指数与种类数平面分布结果相似,均为江口外部海域高于内部,近岸和岛礁处高于中部,地形、台湾暖流和瓯江淡水团对其分布影响较大;春、秋季鱼类群落结构差异不大,种级和属级之间具有相似性。     

尾流中悬浮拦截弹环境噪声特性研究

尾流自导鱼雷对水面舰艇构成严重威胁。 为了把悬浮拦截弹被动拦截方式从非尾流区域扩展到尾流区,拦截尾流自导鱼雷,需要研究尾流内噪声特点,分析出拦截弹在尾流区的环境噪声特性。 基于悬浮拦截弹对不同吨位舰船尾流噪声进行研究,结合高阶累积量从概率论的角度出发,计算了尾流噪声的斜度和峰度随尾流年龄的变化规律;噪声斜度判断噪声是否满足对称分布,峰度判断噪声是否为高斯信号。 将实测数据与仿真数据峰度和斜度进行比对,得出结论：舰船尾流噪声环境可以近似看作是高斯信号,服从对称分布,且该分布特性与舰船吨位不相关。     

人工增雨作业条件预测方法研究

从国家级人工影响天气业务指导产品的卫星资料反演产品和模式产品中选择与安徽省自动雨量站1 h雨量和3 h雨量显著相关的产品作为因子,利用Fisher方法分别建立了安徽省各个季节各自动雨量站1 h和3 h的人工增雨作业条件二级判别方程,定量给出是否具备可作业条件的判断方法。回报试验表明,1 h作业条件判别方程的准确率可达到70%左右,3 h作业条件判别方程的判别准确率在50%以上,方程均有较好的预报准确率,可以用于人工增雨作业条件预测业务,但春秋季和夏季的空报率相对较高,需要在业务应用中引起注意。     

基于岩溶洞穴旅游活动中洞穴环境因子的研究

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,岩溶洞穴旅游活动日益频繁,使得对洞穴环境的综合研究以及洞穴旅游管理变得尤为重要。通过调研国内外岩溶洞穴旅游管理的现状,结合岩溶洞穴环境的研究成果,综合分析岩溶洞穴环境因子,如温度、相对湿度、洞穴CO2浓度等,对岩溶景观的影响,探讨溶洞环境的自净能力以及景观保护与修复措施等问题;针对目前岩溶洞穴旅游开发的有限空间与无序客流的矛盾,提出了合理调控洞穴旅游客流量,增强洞穴旅游景观资源保护意识,从地学、旅游、环境以及健康等角度评估和开发洞穴,使旅游活动对环境因子的影响限制在可控范围,实现洞穴旅游的可持续发展。      

Fundamental yet simplified model for liquefaction instability

A fundamental procedure is proposed for the identification of liquefaction in saturated soils based on the instability in the material's microstructure. The disturbed state concept (DSC) provides a unified constitutive model for the characterization of entire stress–strain behaviour under cyclic loading, and the values of disturbance at threshold states in the deforming microstructure provides the basis for the identification of liquefaction. The procedure is verified with respect to laboratory behaviour of two sands, saturated Ottawa and Reid Bedford. A mathematical analysis of the DSC constitutive matrix is also performed. Procedures for the application of the DSC for simplified analysis and design, and in finite element procedures are presented. It is believed that the proposed model can provide a fundamental yet simplified procedure for liquefaction analysis, and as a result, it is considered to be an improvement over the available empirical and energy-based procedures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Zircon saturation model in silicate melts: a review and update

Zircon stability in silicate melts—which can be quantitatively constrained by laboratory measurements of zircon saturation—is important for understanding the evolution of magma. Although the original zircon saturation model proposed by Watson and Harrison (Earth Planet Sci Lett 64(2):295–304, 1983) is widely cited and has been updated recently, the three main models currently in use may generate large uncertainties due to extrapolation beyond their respective calibrated ranges. This paper reviews and updates zircon saturation models developed with temperature and compositional parameters. All available data on zircon saturation ranging in composition from mafic to silicic (and/or peralkaline to peraluminous) at temperatures from 750 to 1400 °C were collected to develop two refined models (1 and 2) that may be applied to the wider range of compositions. Model 1 is given by lnC_Zr(melt) = (14.297 ± 0.308) + (0.964 ± 0.066)·M − (11113 ± 374)/T, and model 2 given by lnC_Zr(melt) = (18.99 ± 0.423) − (1.069 ± 0.102)·lnG − (12288 ± 593)/T, where C_Zr(melt) is the Zr concentration of the melt in ppm and parameters M [= (Na + K + 2Ca)/(Al·Si)] (cation ratios) and G [= (3·Al₂O₃ + SiO₂)/(Na₂O + K₂O + CaO + MgO + FeO)] (molar proportions) represent the melt composition. The errors are at one sigma, and T is the temperature in Kelvin. Before applying these models to natural rocks, it is necessary to ensure that the zircon used to date is crystallized from the host magmatic rock. Assessment of the application of both new and old models to natural rocks suggests that model 1 may be the best for magmatic temperature estimates of metaluminous to peraluminous rocks and that model 2 may be the best for estimating magmatic temperatures of alkaline to peralkaline rocks.