青藏高原海拔4000 m区域人类活动的新证据

青藏高原早期人类活动对于研究人类对极端环境响应与适应至关重要,4000 m海拔区域是人类向高原腹地迁移与扩散的关键。下大武1号遗址（XDW1）发现了11290±69 cal. a BP人类活动遗留的灰烬层,及其年代主要集中在11.2 cal. ka BP的细石叶、石片等石制品,是目前青藏高原4000 m海拔区域发现的最早的人类活动证据之一,说明在全新世伊始,人类就已经登上了海拔4000 m的青藏高原主体。据此推测人类在高原东北部扩张的时空演变过程,末次冰消期人类在海拔3000~4000 m高原东北缘青海湖盆地、共和盆地等区域活动,全新世初期扩张至4000 m海拔高原主体,全新世大暖期向高原腹地深入;上述3个人类活动阶段与末次冰消期环境的改善、全新世伊始的气候迅速转暖和全新世暖期盛期的到来等重大气候变化阶段密切相关。     

天桥泉域与黄河河段的补径排关系变化及其对河川径流的影响

1973年以来,黄河中游河口镇至吴堡之间未控区的实测径流量大幅减少,甚至1/4年份出现负值;基于1956-1972年的降雨--径流关系,1973-2014年降雨条件的径流量偏少84%.分析认为,1973年以后,黄河该河段干流水库蓄水运行导致天桥泉域与黄河之间的补径排关系发生了变化,此变化不仅大幅减少了左岸泉水对黄河的补给量,而且增加了黄河向右岸岩溶含水层的渗漏量,是河口镇至吴堡之间未控区的实测径流大幅偏少的主要原因.本文通过不同时期的降雨径流关系对比,以及林草植被,梯田,用水和坝库水面蒸发等其他下垫面因素减水作用分析,推算出因泉水--河水补给关系变化而产生的黄河径流减少量,平均每年约6~8亿m³.     

Retrieval of CDOM and DOC Using In Situ Hyperspectral Data: A Case Study for Potable Waters in Northeast China

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), the light absorbing fraction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), together with phytoplankton and total suspended matter are the main optically active components could be retrieved by remote sensing data. Generally, different composition of DOC and CDOM corresponds to different water surface reflectance. Absorption properties of CDOM and retrieval models for CDOM and DOC were investigated with data from potable reservoirs located in the central of Jilin Province. Water sampling field surveys were conducted on 15, 16 and 19 of September 2012 across the Shitoukoumen, Erlonghu and Xilicheng reservoirs, respectively. Both empirical regression (single band model and band ratio model) and partial least squares coupled with back-propagation artificial neural models (PLSBPNN) were established to estimate CDOM absorption coefficient at 355 nm [a_CDOM(355)] and DOC concentration with in situ measured remote sensing reflectance. It was found that the band ratio models and PLSBPNN model performed well for estimating DOC concentration while the band ratio models yielded the best result in retrieval CDOM. Moreover, all the three models performed better on the DOC concentration estimation than the performance on a_CDOM(355). Band ratio models outperformed (R ² ?=?0.55) other models for estimating CDOM absorption coefficient, while PLSBPNN model outperformed other models with respect to DOC estimation (R ² ?=?0.93). High spectral slope values indicated that CDOM in the potable waters primarily comprised low molecular weight organic substances; while sources of DOC were mainly coming from exogenous input, which was the main reason lead to the difference of model performances on DOC and a_CDOM(355) estimation. The algorithms developed in this study is needed to be tested and refined with more in situ spectral data, also future work is still needed to be undertaken for characterizing the dynamic of the potable water quality with remotely sensed imagery.     

杭州湾期间带生态学研究──Ⅱ．数量组成与分布

杭州湾潮间带生物数量比其它河口湾偏低，这与该湾粉砂质底质及强烈的水冲刷作用所导致的不稳定生境密切相关。从湾底向湾口，生物数量逐步增多，湾性分布明显；就垂直分布而言，中潮区的生物数量为最大；生物数量的季节变化明显，栖息密度以夏季为最高（４０２个／ｍ２），而生物量以秋季为最大（１８９．０３ｇ／ｍ２），数量的低值出现在冬季。生物量的季节变动受软体动物决定，而栖息密度则受软体动物、甲壳动物和多毛类三大动物类群的影响。     

长江口海域悬浮颗粒物中铜、铅、镉的化学形态及分布特征研究

研究了重金属Cu,Pb,Cd在长江口及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒中各化学形态间的含量,及其在长江内河段—河海混合界面—海区间的各形态间的迁移转化特征。结果表明,长江口海域中重金属以非残渣相为主要存在形式,其中铁锰氧化物为重要的清除载体;以铁锰氧化物和碳酸盐形式存在的重金属含量受水环境盐度和pH控制;通过多元回归计算求得重金属与pH值、盐度(X_s)、悬浮体(X_(s.s))的多元一次方程。     

Palaeoceanological significance of Holocene ostracean banks in Tianjin area

On the basis of the study of ostracean banks in Tianjin area, the present study recognized that the ostracean banks at Ninghe County in Tianjin area are well developed along the west coast of the Bohai Sea; they consist of thanato-coenose and taphocoenose from Crassistrea gigars and C. revularis. From the 14C datings it can be known that the banks had formed from early Middle-Holocene and continued up to over 2 ka BP (14C age). The top has different reliefs . Although there is an effect of spatial shift of estuary position, the top is only distributed in the range of-0. 50--2. 50 m(Huanghai elevation minus National elevation system). The banks cannot explain the sea-level fluctuation. As the string ostracean banks are distributed near E-W direction, it suggests that the direction of tidal currents was then similar to that of the present day.     

红树林潮滩沉积速率测量与研究

红树林捕沙促淤功能是红树林防浪护岸效益的主要表现之一。本文用标志桩法与（２１０）Ｐｂ同位素定年法测定红树林潮滩沉积速率。海南东寨港林市村岸段标志桩试验显示：红海榄Ｒｈｉｚｏｐｈｏｒａｓｔｙｌｏｓａ密林区普遍淤积，平均速率４．１ｍｍ·ａ（－１）；白滩与疏林区侵蚀，平均速率８．２ｍｍ·ａ（－１）。沉积速率随滩地高程增加或潮水浸淹频率的减小而减小。冬春淤积为主而夏季冲刷为主。区域性淤积速度受区域泥沙来源与海岸动态影响。在粤西廉江高桥镇凤地村岸段的（２１０）Ｐｈ测试显示，０—９０ｃｍ段沉积历时为１４５（１８４７—１９９２）ａ，平均沉积速率为６．２ｍｍ·ａ（－１）。其中０—４０ｃｍ段１９６６—１９９２年沉积速率１５．４ｍｍ·ａ（－１）最大，４０—５０ｃｍ段１９３０－１９６６年沉积速率２．８ｍｍ·ａ（－１）最小。     

企鹅珍珠贝亲贝培育与诱导催产的研究

本文对企鹅珍珠贝亲贝培育、人工催产进行了研究。结果表明，室内水池培育达一星期，暂养期间人工诱导不排精产卵的亲贝，移至天然海区吊养，可提高亲贝成活率，有利于性腺发育，换水或短时间露空后，投喂过量的饵料，能有效诱导企鹅珍珠贝排精产卵。     

海水养殖鱼类两种新贝尼登虫的RAPD分析

本文采用RAPD技术对寄生在福建沿海养殖大黄鱼和高体Shi鱼体上的Ji新贝尼登虫和梅氏新贝尼登虫的DNA多态性进行分析,结果显示：（1）两者具有高度的遗传相似性（83．1％－94．7％）,形态观察和分子检测结果相印证,两者有可能为同种异名;（2）不同海区鱼体表的寄生虫表现出一定的差异和分化,但相同宿主虫体的相似性都在90％以上：（3）虫体睾丸边缘光滑与否等形态特征应为种内变异,不宜作为分类标准。     

南沙海区沉积物沉积速率的测定和沉积环境探讨

运用~(230)Th_(ex)和~(230)Th_(ex)/~(232)Th方法测定柱状样NS87—11样品的沉积速率分别为1.51cm/10~3年,1.06cm/10~3年,结合N元素的含量以及Th/U比值,氧同位素资料等讨论本沉积区的沉积环境和古气候的变化特征,认为本柱样中更新世以来经历海平面上升→下降→上升→下降→上升的格局,古气候反映暖→冷→暖→冷→暖。