粟类作物稃片植硅体形态研究回顾与展望

中国是粟、黍的起源地,但受植物遗存保存状况及研究方法的限制,对粟类旱作农业起源与驯化的时间、地点、种类、过程等的认识仍然存在不同观点。植硅体分析为准确鉴定粟、黍及其野生祖本和亲缘物种提供了新的途径。本文总结了近几年来针对粟、黍种子稃片植硅体研究取得的新进展,获得以下认识:1)进一步明确了稃片表皮长细胞植硅体的形态特征、大小、数量是鉴定考古文化堆积中粟、黍及其野生祖本和亲缘野生物种的可靠指标;2)通过对比我国北方常见的狗尾草属稃片植硅体,发现了ΩⅢ型仅发育于粟和青狗尾草的稃片中部,且其大小与狗尾草属野生植物差异显著;3)分析和说明了稃片植硅体鉴定流程和方法、重点强调了稃片Ω/η类型的鉴定特征和应用范围,以及植硅体统计量等关键问题;4)讨论了粟类稃片植硅体产量与农作物产量的关系以及植硅体埋藏学问题,最后对深化粟类植硅体形态学研究提出了初步建议。希望通过本文的总结与讨论,能够使植硅体分析方法在粟类作物起源和传播的研究中得到更准确、更广泛的应用。     

深时源-汇系统古地理重建方法评述

源-汇系统根据侵蚀、搬运及沉积作用的显著程度可划分为物源区、过渡区和沉积区,根据研究的时间尺度可划分为现代系统、第四纪系统和深时系统。洋陆边缘源-汇系统根据地貌单元的空间配置可划分为"陡—短—深"、"宽—深"及"宽—浅"3种空间分布类型,这3种类型在沉积体积分布及沉积记录保存潜力上存在差异。完整的源-汇系统古地理重建包括沉积区古地理重建和物源区古地理重建。深时尺度下沉积区古地理重建方法随着岩相古地理、构造古地理、生物古地理及层序地层学的发展已趋完善,而物源区古地理重建则更具挑战性,尤其是在物源区遭受侵蚀而不复存在的情况下更具难度。在源-汇分析方法体系中,物源区古流域水系形态、面积范围、地貌地势等古地理要素可通过构造要素分析、碎屑矿物分析、沉积体积回填、地貌学参数比例关系、古水力学参数比例关系和河流沉积通量模型等方法获得。总之,深时源-汇系统古地理重建能够通过盆地沉积记录揭示出物源区古地理演化特征,为沉积盆地充填过程提供沉积供给的信息,对能源矿产勘探和深时古环境研究具有重要意义。     

Basaltic and Solution Reference Materials for Iron,Copper and Zinc Isotope Measurements

Iron, Cu and Zn stable isotope systems are applied in constraining a variety of geochemical and environmental processes. Secondary reference materials have been developed by the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), in collaboration with other participating laboratories, comprising three solutions (CAGS‐Fe, CAGS‐Cu and CAGS‐Zn) and one basalt (CAGS‐Basalt). These materials exhibit sufficient homogeneity and stability for application in Fe, Cu and Zn isotopic ratio determinations. Reference values were determined by inter‐laboratory analytical comparisons involving up to eight participating laboratories employing MC‐ICP‐MS techniques, based on the unweighted means of submitted results. Isotopic compositions are reported in per mil notation, based on reference materials IRMM‐014 for Fe, NIST SRM 976 for Cu and IRMM‐3702 for Zn. Respective reference values of CAGS‐Fe, CAGS‐Cu and CAGS‐Zn solutions are as follows: δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.83 ± 0.07 and δ⁵⁷Fe = 1.20 ± 0.13, δ⁶⁵Cu = 0.57 ± 0.06, and δ⁶⁶Zn = ?0.79 ± 0.12 and δ⁶⁸Zn = ?1.65 ± 0.24, respectively. Those of CAGS‐Basalt are δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.15 ± 0.07, δ⁵⁷Fe = 0.22 ± 0.10, δ⁶⁵Cu = 0.12 ± 0.08, δ⁶⁶Zn = 0.17 ± 0.13, and δ⁶⁸Zn = 0.34 ± 0.26 (2s).     

Effect of plastic deformation on hydraulic fracturing with extended element method

The propagation of hydraulic fracture in elastic rocks has widely been investigated. In the paper, we shall focus on numerical modeling of hydraulic fracturing in a class of porous rocks exhibiting plastic deformation. The plastic strain of porous rocks is described by a non-associated plastic model based on Drucker–Prager criterion. The plastic deformation is coupled with fluid pressure evolution described by the lubrication theory. An extended finite element method is used for modeling the propagation of fracture. The fracture propagation criterion is based on the J-integral. The proposed numerical model is validated by comparisons with numerical and analytical results. The influence of plastic deformation on fracture propagation process is investigated.

     

Measurement of the deformation of sand in a plane strain compression experiment using incremental digital image correlation

Acta Geotechnica - This work presents the results from a series of plane strain compression experiments on medium-density sands. In these experiments, a new type of plane strain experimental...     

基于COSI-Corr技术的龙羊峡库区1987—2019年风沙输移特征及潜在入库量估算

风沙活动威胁着龙羊峡水库的安全运营,查清沙害来源和入库量对于防治水患和沙害具有重要意义。基于1987、1995、2003、2013、2019年的Landsat卫星影像,利用COSI-Corr技术监测了龙羊峡库区不同时空的沙丘移动特征,并重新评估库区近32 a的潜在风沙入库量。结果显示：（1）1987—2019年龙羊峡库区沙丘平均移动速率为5.81 m·a^-1,呈先加速（1987—2003年）后减速（2003—2013年）再加速（2013—2019年）趋势;沙丘移动方向在132.81°—165.82°范围内,与该区主风向一致。（2）近32 a向龙羊峡水库输送的潜在风沙量可达7.82×10⁷ m3（1.20×10⁸ t）。上风向塔拉滩潜在输送量为7.38×10⁷ m3（1.14×10⁸ t）,下风向木格滩仅贡献了0.44×10⁷ m3（0.68×10⁷ t）。（3）库区内风沙输移受风况、气候、植被等多种因素的影响,在未来全球变暖条件下,青藏高原的风沙活动将会持续发展,风沙入库量的长期累计效应将对水库安全构成严重威胁,必须引起足够重视。     

Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region,China

The first-stage of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region (TRSR), China, has been in progress for eight years. However, because the ecological effects of this project remain unknown, decision making for future project implementation is hindered. Thus, in this study, we developed an index system to evaluate the effects of the ecological restoration project, by integrating field observations, remote sensing, and process-based models. Effects were assessed using trend analyses of ecosystem structures and services. Results showed positive trends in the TRSR since the beginning of the project, but not yet a return to the optima of the 1970s. Specifically, while continued degradation in grassland has been initially contained, results are still far from the desired objective, ‘grassland coverage increasing by an average of 20%–40%’. In contrast, wetlands and water bodies have generally been restored, while the water conservation and water supply capacity of watersheds have increased. Indeed, the volume of water conservation achieved in the project meets the objective of a 1.32 billion m³ increase. The effects of ecological restoration inside project regions was more significant than outside, and, in addition to climate change projects, we concluded that the implementation of ecological conservation and restoration projects has substantially contributed to vegetation restoration. Nevertheless, the degradation of grasslands has not been fundamentally reversed, and to date the project has not prevented increasing soil erosion. In sum, the effects and challenges of this first-stage project highlight the necessity of continuous and long-term ecosystem conservation efforts in this region.     

南北盘江森林生态系统水源涵养功能评价

森林生态系统水源涵养功能是植被层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层对降雨进行再分配的复杂过程。运用综合蓄水能力法,基于森林资源二类调查数据,估算了贵州省南北盘江流域不同类型森林生态系统的林冠层截留降水量、枯落物持水量和土壤蓄水量,分析了流域尺度森林生态系统的水源涵养能力及其时空变化。结果表明：① 南北盘江流域森林涵养水源总量约6.13×10⁸m³,单位面积水源涵养量629.85 t/hm²,森林水源涵养能力空间分布呈现东高西低的趋势;② 不同类型森林来说,阔叶林和灌木林对区域水源涵养总量的贡献率最大,而混交林的单位面积水源涵养量最高;③ 不同林龄比较,幼龄林对区域水源涵养贡献率最高,达45.95%,但其单位面积水源涵养能力最差,过熟林的单位面积水源涵养能力最高;④ 就坡位而言,平地和中坡森林对区域水源涵养总量的贡献率最大,山谷森林单位面积水源涵养能力最高,山脊森林单位面积涵养水源能力最低;⑤ 近35 a来,随着生态工程的实施,森林生态系统水源涵养总能力以1 447.89×10⁴m³/a速度持续提升,单位面积水源涵养量以每年5.33 t/hm²的速度稳步提高。     

萨拉乌苏河地区晚更新世以来的孢粉组合及其反映的古植被和古气候

本文通过对萨拉马苏河地区晚更新世以来46块地层样品的孢粉分析,共鉴定统计孢粉10390粒,其中木本植物花粉2759粒,草本及小灌木花粉7558粒,蕨类孢子73粒,分属于61个科属。根据其组合特征可划分五个孢粉组合带。反映该区自晚更新世以来植被类型曾经历了针阔混交的森林草原→荒漠草原→有松、冷杉、云杉针叶林的森林草原→荒漠草原→草原→疏林草原→草原多次演替,该区气候出现温暖湿润→于冷多风→温凉湿润→更干冷、多风→干冷→温凉偏湿→较干冷等→系列更替。     

岩溶水研究中岩溶裂隙介质的地质力学和数理分析

本文以济南泉域为例,试用地质力学和数理分析方法研究北方岩溶区岩溶水系统中构造场和岩溶场对岩溶裂隙介质渗透场的控制响应关系,模拟岩溶水系统,以查清岩溶水的赋存运移规律。