广西果化岩溶区土壤电导率的空间异质性

应用地统计学与GIS技术,将土壤电导率室内布点和实地监测相结合,研究广西果化岩溶区土壤电导率的空间变异特征。结果表明：各深度土壤电导率的空间分布不均,主要呈弧状、条带状和斑状分布,空间分布总体上呈现出一定的集聚趋势;各深度土壤电导率的最小空间变程为750 m,可作为果化示范区土壤电导率样点布设的最佳取样间隔;示范区土壤电导率主要受植被覆盖度、地质背景和石漠化程度的影响。本研究对于指导典型岩溶区的农业生产、保障区域土壤资源的可持续利用具有重要的理论意义和参考价值。     

中国地理学史编史方法论考察

基于编史学视角对国外地理学史著作的中国部分以及中国地理学史著作的考察,重点论述了实证主义和思想史两类编史方法论特征。考察表明:国外实证主义地理学史以实证主义方法论为核心,是一种普遍主义和进步主义的叙事模式,这种模式里并不存在实质性的中国古代地理学,而中国近代地理学则是欧美地理学的移植。在后历史的立场上,对地理学应作宽泛的理解,实证主义地理学史是建构的历史,中国学者遵循实证主义方法论的重要意义在于建构了中国地理学理性的一面。中国地理学史人文的方面是通过思想史方法论建构起来的,这种方法通过中国古代原有文化体系、观念、概念、材料来认识地理学的发展史,首要的意义是与实证主义建构相反的还原。基于思想史方法论的中国近代地理学史研究表明,中国近代地理学的形成首要的并不是西方地理学的移植,而是自主地基于中国古代传统的学术重构,反映的是中西学术的双向互动,并不是西方地理学的单向传播。     

第二届国际地球岩石圈活动的地球物理监测研讨会在俄罗斯举行

简要介绍第二届国际地球岩石圈活动的地球物理监测研讨会的情况。会议于2005年9月12～16日在俄罗斯新西伯利亚市鄂毕河畔的科学城举行,来自6个国家的90多名代表参加了此次国际会议。会议的报告丰富多彩,科学家就地球岩石圈的地球物理活动监测研究进行了多方面的讨论,出版了6个专题的89篇研究论文。俄罗斯、中国、蒙古和哈萨克四国交界区的代表还就研究2003年9月27日发生的7．9级地震草拟了国际合作协议。     

Study of initial vorticity forcing for block onset by a 4-dimensional variational approach

With the aid of a global barotropic model, the role of the interaction of the synoptic-scale disturbance and the planetary flow in block onset is examined by a 4-dimensional variational approach. A cost function is defined to measure the squared errors of the forecasted stream functions during block onset period (day 4 and day 5 in this study) over a selected blocking domain. The sensitivity of block onset with respect to the initial synoptic-scale disturbance is studied by examining the gradient of the defined cost function with respect to the initial (during the first 24 hours) vorticity forcing, which is evaluated by the adjoint integration. Furthermore, the calculated cost function and gradient are connected with the limited-memory quasi-Newton optimization algorithm for solving the optimal initial vorticity forcing for block onset. For two studied cases of block onset (northern Atlantic and northern Pacific) introducing the optimal initial vorticity forcing, the nonlinear barotropic advection process mostly reconstructs these blocking onset processes. The results show that the formation of blocking can be correctly described by a barotropic nonlinear advection process, in which the wave- (synoptic-scale) flow (planetary-scale) interaction plays a very important role. On an appropriate planetary-scale flow, a certain synoptic-scale disturbance can cause the blocking onset by the interaction between the synoptic scale perturbations and the planetary scale basic flows. The extended forecasts show that the introduction of the optimal initial vorticity forcing can predict the blocking process up to the 7th or 8th day in this simple model case. The experimental results in this study show that the 4-dimensional variational approach has a good potential to be applied to study the dynamics of the medium-range weather processes. This simple model case study is only an initial trial. Applying the framework in this study to a complex model will further our understanding of the mechanism of the atmospheric/oceanic processes and improve their prediction.     

加卸载响应比的新进展

本文对此作简要介绍。主要有下三方面：①预测效果好：2004年发生在中国大陆有资料地区的ML≥15级地震共17次,其中15次落入用加卸载响应比方法于2003年底预测的区域内。②通过大量基础研究(包括数值模拟,岩石力学实验及统计细观损伤力学研究),使加卸载响应比理论(LURR)建立在一个比较牢靠的科学基础上。③LURR有很大的潜力和发展空间。未来的发展空间,除预测天然地震外,还可能对矿震、水库地震、滑坡等自然灾害,甚至其它自然系统以致社会系统的灾变作出预测。     

DLS型高精度多功能拾振器的设计与应用

文中介绍了新研制的便携式高精度多功能拾振器的技术性能、工作原理和理论计算,分析讨论了仪器的特点,给出了技术指标实测结果并进行了结构微振动记录幅值谱分析。     

高分辨率卫星影像图在震害快速预估中的应用

随着高分辨率卫星遥感技术的发展,遥感技术在地震灾害预估、评估和地震应急工作中发挥着越来越重要的作用,并成为震害评估和应急工作的重要发展方向之一。通过分析高分辨率遥感影像上建筑物的影像特征,设计了一种自动提取建筑物三维信息的模型;将提取出的建筑物三维信息,结合实验区人工调查的人口、经济数据．利用震害矩阵计算出不同类型建筑物在地震烈度场内的破坏等级和不同破坏等级建筑物的总面积,给出一定地震等级下的人员伤亡和经济损失的实际数据,建立了一套利用高分辨率卫星进行震害预估的技术流程。选取上海市宝山区为试验区．利用该技术进行了震害预估试验研究。预估结果具有较高的精度。     

Rocky desertification and its causes in karst areas: a case study in Yongshun County,Hunan Province,China

Rocky desertification, a process of land degradation characterized by soil erosion and bedrock exposure, is one of the most serious land degradation problems in karst areas, and is regarded as an obstacle to local sustainable development. It is well known that human activities can accelerate rocky desertification; however, the effects of climate change on rocky desertification in karst areas are still unclear. This study focused on the effects of temperature and precipitation changes and human activities on rocky desertification in karst areas to determine the impacts of climate change and human disturbances on rocky desertification. Areas of different level of rocky desertification were obtained from Landsat TM (1987) and Landsat ETM+ (2000) images. The results show that, although the total desertification area increased by only 1.27% between 1987 and 2000, 17.73% of the slightly desertified land had degraded to a moderate or intense level, 2.01 and 15.71%, respectively. Meanwhile, between 1987 and 2000, the air temperature increased by 0.7°C, and precipitation increased by 170 mm. Statistical results indicate that the increase in precipitation was caused by heavy rainfall. In addition, under the interactive influences of heavy rainfall and temperature, the average karst dissolution rate was about 87 m³ km⁻² a⁻¹ during the 14 years in the study area. Further analysis indicated that rocky desertification was positively related with the increase in temperature and precipitation and especially with the heavy rainfall events. Climate change accelerated rocky desertification in the karst areas. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

2001年1月26日高纬磁层顶通量管事件的观测研究

2001年1月26日11:10～11:40UT, ClusterⅡ卫星簇位于午后高纬磁鞘边界层和磁鞘区,此 时行星际磁场Bz为南向. 本文对在此期间观测到的多次磁通量管事件作了详细的研究 ,获得一系列的新发现：（1）高纬磁鞘边界层磁通量管的出现具有准周期性,周期约为78s ,比目前已知的磁层顶向阳面FTE的平均周期（8～11min）小得多. （2）这些通量管都具有 强的核心磁场;其主轴多数在磁场最小变化方向,少数在中间变化方向,有些无法用PAA判 定其方向（需要用电流管PAA确定）,这与卫星穿越通量管的相对路径有关. （3）每个事件 都存在很好的HT参考系,在HT参考系中这些通量管是准定常态结构;所有通量管都沿磁层顶 表面运动,速度方向大体相同,都来自晨侧下方. 通量管的径向尺度为1～2RE, 与通 常的FTE通量管相当. （4）起源于磁层的强能离子大体上沿着管轴方向由磁层向磁鞘运动; 起源于太阳风的热等离子体沿管轴向磁层传输. 通量管为太阳风等离子体向磁层输运和磁层 粒子向行星际空间逃逸提供了通道. （5）每个通量管事件都伴随有晨昏电场的反转,该电 场为对流电场.