Natural occurrence of reidite in the Xiuyan crater of China

The high‐pressure minerals of reidite and coesite have been identified in the moderately shock‐metamorphosed gneiss (shock stage II, 35–45 GPa) and the strongly shock‐metamorphosed gneiss (shock stage III, 45–55 GPa), respectively, from the polymict breccias of the Xiuyan crater, a simple impact structure 1.8 km in diameter in China. Reidite in the shock stage II gneiss displays lamellar textures developed in parental grains of zircon. The phase transformation of zircon to reidite likely corresponds to a martensitic mechanism. No coesite is found in the reidite‐bearing gneiss. The shock stage III gneiss contains abundant coesite, but no reidite is identified in the rock. Coesite occurs as acicular, dendritic, and spherulitic crystals characteristic of crystallization from shock‐produced silica melt. Zircon in the rock is mostly recrystallized. The postshock temperature in the shock stage III gneiss is too high for the preservation of reidite, whereas reidite survives in the shock stage II gneiss because of relatively low postshock temperature. Reidite does not occur together with coesite because of difference in shock‐induced temperature between the shock stage II gneiss and the shock stage III gneiss.     

沙尘气溶胶对大气冰相过程发展的敏感性试验

利用分档云动力学模式,研究了沙尘气溶胶输送过程中在不同大气背景环境条件下对云内冰相粒子形成、发展和降水过程的影响.通过敏感性试验发现:在背景气溶胶浓度不断增加的情况下,冰相降水率以及冰相降水在总降水量中的比例逐渐减小;只有在大陆性云和污染严重的地区,含有一定比例可溶性物质的沙尘粒子提高了大气中的巨核浓度,使云中冰相降水质粒提前出现,有利于降水的形成.另一方面,当把不可溶矿物气溶胶粒子作为有效的大气冰核参与云降水形成的物理过程时,由矿物气溶胶引起的大气冰核浓度增加在一定程度上抑制云中冰相降水质粒的发展,部分抵消巨核对降水的促进作用.     

青海省近45年霜冻变化特征及其对主要作物的影响

利用青海省22个地面气象站1961-2005年霜冻气候资料及日最低气温资料,对东部农业区、柴达木盆地等地的霜冻气候变化特征以及对主要作物的影响进行研究。结果表明：45年来,青海省大部分地区早（秋）霜冻初日推迟,晚（春）霜冻终日提前,无霜冻期延长。东部农业区霜冻初日推迟、终日提前的趋势最为明显,柴达木盆地次之,祁连山地区和青南高原霜冻初日推迟趋势较明显,而终日提前趋势不明显;大部分地区重霜冻频数减少,强度减弱,春霜冻期低温强度变化趋势较秋霜冻期明显;气候变暖使早霜冻危害减轻,晚霜冻危害加重。     

气候变率和北大西洋涛动对20世纪欧洲植物物候的影响

总结了气候变率和近年来气候变化对20世纪欧洲植物物候的影响。针对近年来气候变化,物候学主要有两个功能：第一,它能定量揭示气候变化对自然的影响,同时实证全球气候变化存在于人们的生活中;第二,长期物候数据为20世纪温度及其变化重建提供依据。过去30～50a,温度驱动的植物物候变化最明显的是开春提早。在北半球中高纬度观测发现开春平均提早2．5d／10a。秋季各种物候变化不如春季那样明显,并且也不能与气候因子联系起来。春、夏季起始日的时空变率及其变化主要与区域和局地温度有关。本文讨论了生长季和其他物候阶段的温度响应,以及它们与北大西洋涛动（NAO）的关系。这些结果说明了气候系统中生物化学循环和陆地相互作用的主要反馈：     

Attribution analyses of potential evapotranspiration changes in China since the 1960s

This paper focuses on the primary causes of changes in potential evapotranspiration (ET_o) in order to comprehensively understand climate change and its impact on hydrological cycle. Based on modified Penman-Monteith model, ET_o is simulated, and its changes are attributed by analyzing the sensitivity of ET_o to influence meteorological variables together with their changes for 595 meteorological stations across China during the period 1961–2008. Results show the decreasing trends of ET_o in the whole country and in most climate regions except the cold temperate humid region in Northeast China. For China as a whole, the decreasing trend of ET_o is primarily attributed to wind speed due to its significant decreasing trend and high sensitivity. Relative humidity is the highest sensitive variable; however, it has negligible effect on ET_o for its insignificant trend. The positive contribution of temperature rising to ET_o is offset by the effect of wind speed and sunshine duration. In addition, primary causes to ET_o changes are varied for differing climate regions. ET_o changes are attributed to decreased wind speed in most climate regions mainly distributed in West China and North China, to declined sunshine duration in subtropical and tropical humid regions in South China, and to increased maximum temperature in the cold temperate humid region.     

甘孜—理塘断裂带北段玄武岩地球化学特征及构造意义

沿甘孜-理塘断裂带广泛发育有三叠纪玄武岩,该断裂带北段的玄武岩多为SiO_2大部分不饱和蚀变较强的基性岩,根据TiO_2K_2O、P_2O_5、Al_2O_3和CaO含量判定为亚碱性拉斑玄武岩系列。痕量元素特征表明,玄武岩为轻稀土弱富集型,∑REE、∑LREE/∑HREE、δEu、Eu/Sm、Sm/Nd都显示与大洋拉斑玄武岩一致。笔者认为,理塘断裂带南段在晚二叠世打开并逐步向北推进,北段于早三叠世打开,中三叠世为甘孜-理塘海发育的鼎盛时期,晚三叠世逐渐闭合。     

一次冷锋南侧对流性暴雨诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP资料、卫星、雷达和地面加密观测等资料,对2008年5月27-28日江西北部一次冷锋南侧(冷锋前)对流性暴雨过程进行天气动力学诊断分析和中尺度分析.结果表明:(1)对流性暴雨出现在冷锋前的主要原因是:各层槽线位置近于垂直,锋面陡峭,并出现前倾槽结构;冷锋前低层暖湿气流异常强盛,下暖湿上干冷使对流不稳定能量增强;当冷锋移近、气旋波发展东移和低空急流加强,触发了冷锋前对流不稳定能量释放.(2)本次暴雨具有明显中小尺度特征,共有4个β中尺度对流系统沿地面冷锋南侧发展东移,850 hPa的中尺度辐合线、地面中低压和中尺度辐合线、云顶亮温低值区、强回波区及雷达速度图上逆风区等均揭示中小尺度扰动系统存在,且中小尺度扰动系统与暴雨雨团对应很好.     

济南市一次持续大雾过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料对2007年12月20-23日济南市一次持续大雾天气过程的大尺度天气背景、地面气压场、温度对数压力图以及单站气象要素进行了分析,结果表明:雾是在稳定的大气层结下出现的天气现象,根据大气稳定层结的状况及变化,可以判断大雾天气的有无及生消时间;近地面逆温和低空逆温同时存在,表明大气层结非常稳定,近地面逆温有利于近地面层水汽积累,低空逆温使近地面层水汽不易扩散而聚集,有利于近地面层维持潮湿,持续几天出现大雾;连续几天大气层结都处于稳定状态,地面风力很小,这些都限制了近地面层的水汽向外耗散,底层相对湿度较大,为大雾的形成提供了充沛的水汽条件.     

Periodicities in Global Mean TEC from GNSS Observations

As an important measurement parameter, global total electron content (TEC) is appropriate for the study of the Sun–Earth connection. In this paper, the wavelet technique is employed to investigate the periodicities in global mean TEC during 1995–2008. Analysis results show several remarkable components (including 27-day, semiannual and annual cycles) existing in global mean TEC with obvious time-variable characteristics, besides 11-year cycle. After analyzing sunspot numbers and solar extreme ultra-violet (EUV) radiation variations during this time period, except for semiannual variations, close correlation between global mean TEC and solar variations is found, especially, a strong resemblance of the 27-day fluctuation exists in global mean TEC, sunspot and solar EUV radiation variations.