Low-cost biochar derived from herbal residue: characterization and application for ciprofloxacin adsorption

Thermally carbonization biochar produced from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine waste (Astragalus mongholicus residue) was investigated for its performance in ciprofloxacin adsorption. Batch sorption experiments were conducted, and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analyses were employed to characterize the biochar. The results demonstrated that thermal activation process improves the adsorbent characteristics. Biochar produced at 800 °C had the best adsorption capacity, a better pore structure and the largest surface areas. The adsorption process fit well to a pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The adsorption isothermal model results revealed that the adsorption process of ciprofloxacin is described better by the Freundlich isotherm and the type of adsorption is a chemical process. The maximum adsorption of ciprofloxacin occurred at pH 7. The present research demonstrated that A. mongholicus biochar might be an attractive and cost-effective adsorbent with good adsorption performance for removing ciprofloxacin from water solution.     

煤层底板破坏流固耦合数值模拟

根据煤层底板含水层具有不均一性的特点,建立了底板含水层非均布水压力学模型和流固耦合模型,并根据"下三带"理论和弹塑性理论求得了底板保护带突水极限压力的弹性解和塑性解。利用FLAC3D软件对工作面采动底板进行了流固耦合数值模拟,并对煤层采动底板的应力破坏特征以及渗流特征进行了研究。综合采用理论计算和数值模拟的方法对煤层底板进行了突水预测。研究表明:非均布水压模型更符合工程实际,数值模拟方法可以快捷、准确的对煤层底板突水进行预测,对水害防治具有重要意义。     

思茅地块西缘龙洞河组放射虫动物群及其地质意义

思茅地块西缘的龙洞河组为一套火山—沉积岩系 ,原定时代为晚石炭世 ,被认为属南澜沧江洋弧后盆地沉积。现在龙洞河组层状硅质岩断片中发现了晚泥盆世放射虫化石 ,在细碧角斑岩之硅质岩夹层中发现了早石炭世放射虫动物群 ,表明龙洞河组不全是晚石炭世地层 ,而是由晚古生代的一些地层断片组成。思茅地块西缘深水沉积盆地的演化始于泥盆纪 ,应为滇西南古特提斯多岛洋的一个分支 ,向南可能与泰国难河带对比。     

三江盆地富地1井软塑地层钻探技术

具有中生界海相和海陆相交互沉积、且被多次构造运动改造后的三江盆地,其覆盖层均为软塑地层,并且厚度较大;针对三江盆地厚覆盖层软塑地层保直钻进施工存在的难点,从钻进方法、井身结构、钻井液护壁、工艺措施等方面进行研究,分析得出适合于在三江盆地软塑地层不下套管的情况下,实施保直取心钻进的技术措施,并且在生产实践中解决了钻进技术难点,取得较好的经济效果。     

南水北调中线干渠浮游植物群落时空格局及其决定因子

为了解南水北调中线干渠浮游植物群落的时空格局,自2018年8月开始分4个季度对干渠沿程的11个样点进行采样调查,同步开展水环境调查;共检出浮游植物7门83属145种,物种丰富度上,硅藻种类数最多,绿藻和蓝藻分别占第2和第3位,且春季＞秋季＞冬季＞夏季;优势种包括极小曲丝藻(Achnanthidum minutissim...     

Comprehensive analysis of relationship between vegetation attributes and soil erosion on hillslopes in the Loess Plateau of China

In soil and water conservation research, vegetation is considered to be a primary factor affecting soil erosion. Many studies focus on the relationship between soil erosion and a given attribute of vegetation. Few studies have attempted a comprehensive analysis of vegetation attributes. Thus, the aim of this study is to explain the relationship between vegetation and soil erosion in detail. We studied 104 vegetation plots and 104 soil samples in the Yangjuangou catchment, Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, China. According to a correlation analysis of the vegetation attributes and soil ¹³⁷Cs inventories, vegetation cover exerts a positive effect on soil erosion. In addition, vegetation aggregation increases with increasing soil loss. During this period of study, plant diversity can have different relationships with soil erosion according to the vegetation pattern. When vegetation distribution is relatively homogeneous, plant cover decreases with increasing diversity, and the soil loss increases. When vegetation pattern distributes between homogeneous and heterogeneous, the relationship between vegetation diversity and soil erosion is not obvious. When vegetation distribution is in a heterogeneous pattern, cover increases with increasing diversity, and soil loss decreases.     

西藏冈底斯北带首例主碰撞造山期铜矿——林周县程巴矽卡岩型铜矿床地质特征、辉钼矿Re- Os同位素年龄及成矿意义

通过近十年的地质勘查,在冈底斯北带多座具有经济价值的矿床得到开发利用,该带已经成为西藏地区矿床勘查与研究的又一热点地区。程巴铜矿是冈底斯北带近年来新发现的唯一一例中-大型规模的富铜矿床。矿床为典型的富含石榴子石的矽卡岩型矿床,铜矿体主要呈似层状、脉状产于林布宗组角岩和多底沟组大理岩的层间构造带内,矿石中富铜,伴生钼、锌、金、银、铋。本文在矿床成矿地质背景和矿床地质特征研究的基础上,用Re-Os同位素方法测试辉钼矿,获得等时线年龄为58.49±0.43 Ma(MSWD=0.61),模式年龄加权平均为58.49±0.33Ma(MSWD=0.25),确定程巴铜矿是主碰撞期成矿作用的产物,程巴铜矿的发现证明在冈底斯成矿带主碰撞造山过程能够形成铜矿床。因此,主碰撞成矿阶段由深变浅的矿床组合模型应在前人研究的基础上修改为矽卡岩型Cu(Mo)矿+矽卡岩型Fe-Pb-Zn-Mo(Cu)矿+斑岩型Mo(W)矿。此外,辉钼矿中Re含量介于84.6×10~(-6)～461.3×10~(-6)之间,平均值为252×10~(-6),暗示程巴矿区物源具有壳幔混合的特征。     

班公湖-怒江带西段尕尔穷矽卡岩型铜金矿含矿母岩成岩时代…

尕尔穷矿床为近几年在班公湖—怒江带西段取得找矿新突破的产于斑岩—碳酸盐岩接触带的矽卡岩中和构造破碎带中的铜金(铁)矿床,该矿床位于班公湖—怒江缝合带南缘的措勤—申扎火山岩浆弧中。本文在前人研究的基础上,进一步开展成岩成矿年代学研究,拟解决前人资料中成岩与成矿相差22Ma以上的疑惑,重新厘定矿床的形成时限。在详细了解矿床地质特征的基础上,确定了矽卡岩型铜金矿的成矿母岩为石英闪长岩,利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb手段对石英闪长岩进行定年。阴极发光(CL)图像显示锆石振荡环带清晰,长轴和短轴之比在1.5∶1～4∶1之间。锆石上15个有效测点给出206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为87.1±0.4Ma(MSWD=0.88),代表石英闪长岩的结晶年龄,结合矿石中辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄(86.87±0.50Ma),显示矿床由岩体侵位结晶至矿质沉淀经历了1Ma左右的演化时间。矿床可能形成于班公湖—怒江特提斯洋关闭后冈底斯—念青唐古拉板片和南羌塘—三江复合板片的弧—陆碰撞阶段。     

辽河群变质序列再讨论

辽河群的原岩以泥质和泥砂质岩石为主,其经历了绿片岩相至角闪岩相变质作用,产生了丰富的变质矿物（矿物组合）.不同变质级别的矿物组合,是各自在变质作用峰期生成的,它们是空间上的并列关系,绝非时间上的先后关系,不能依此划分变质阶段和幕次,更不能用它们来做P-T-t轨迹.同一矿物组合内,通过滑动反应和综合反应,矿物之间达到一定温压条件下的平衡共生关系,各种矿物变质程度是相同的,形成时间是同时的或交错的.有的研究者认为,变质矿物形成序列为Chl→Bt→Gt→Stau→And（Ky）→Sill（Cord）,这种观点是值得商榷的.     

砂岩热储回灌对储层影响评价——以鲁西北坳陷地热区为例

地热流体经供暖利用后尾水温度降低,经过滤、排气处理后的尾水中仍含有不同粒径的悬浮物、气体,因此回灌不可避免的会对储层造成负面影响,如堵塞储层导致回灌量衰减、热储温度降低甚至产生热突破等,这严重阻碍了地热回灌的长期可持续运行。评价回灌对储层的影响,对下一步全面推进、科学回灌及合理可持续开发利用、保护地热资源具有重要意义。本文以近几年鲁西北坳陷区开展的馆陶组热储回灌试验为基础,设立了一套评价指标,即用回灌前、后水质的变化率评价回灌对热储流体的影响,温度的变化率评价回灌对热储温度的影响,单位涌水量变化率、渗透系数的比值和单位回灌量比值评价回灌堵塞程度并确定了分级标准。评价结果表明,回灌不会改变储层流体的化学类型;回灌堵塞主要发生在回灌井周围,相比回灌前,回灌后回灌井的单位涌水量降低14.3%～59.0%、渗透系数为原来的41%～86%,末期单位回灌量为初期回灌量的51%～92%,回灌堵塞程度为轻度到严重。采灌井距180～500m,历经一个供暖季回灌对热储温度的影响较小,但回灌导致回灌井周边热储温度明显降低,历经一个非回灌期224d,从35. 7℃恢复到40. 53℃,恢复速率为0. 036～0. 022℃/d,还需658d才能恢复到原热储温度(55℃)。本区热储水位仍呈下降趋势,但回灌可延缓热储水位的下降速度。