Identification and evolution of tectonic units in the Philippine Sea Plate

The Philippine Sea Plate is located at the convergence zone of the Eurasian Plate,the Pacific Plate,and the Indo-Australian Plate.This paper divides the Philippine Sea Plate into two second-order tectonic units and eight third-order tectonic units by summarizing the marine geological,geophysical,and submarine geomorphological data of the Philippine Sea Plate collected for years and referring to the seafloor spreading theory and the trench-arc-basin system.The two second-order tectonic units are the West Philippine Sea block and the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc-basin system.The former includes the West Philippine Basin,the Huatung Basin,the Daito Basin,and the Palau Basin,while the latter consists of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge,the Shikoku-Parece Vela Basin,the Izu-Bonin Arc,and the Mariana Arc.Furthermore,this study concludes that the Philippine Sea Plate has undergone three stages of tectonic evolution,namely the early stage of the evolution of marginal basins with Cretaceous basement(Early Cretaceous),the middle stage of the spreading of the West Philippine Basin(Eocene),and the late stage of the subduction of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc-basin system(Oligocene-present).The Kyushu-Palau Ridge is a window to discover the tectonic evolution of the Philippine Sea Plate due to its unique geographical location.     

全方位自然电场观测方法和观测技术研究

自然电场是一种物理意义比较明确, 变化(孕震)机理相对明晰的地球物理场, 在矿产资源勘探、 水文地质勘测等领域有着比较广泛的应用, 在地震监测领域也有了多年的探索和实践. 本文在初步研究全方位自然电场观测方法的基础上, 重点分析和讨论了基于全方位自然电场观测技术, 包括一种Pb-PbCl₂不极化电极、 多测道高精度数据测量、 网络控制与数据通信等组件和模块的基本原理和技术实现方法, 便携式设计和环境温度适应能力的技术实现途径等, 并对天津市静海地震台的自然电场试验观测系统及观测数据进行了简要介绍和分析讨论. 结果表明: ① 全方位自然电场观测方法能够捕捉到各个方向自然电场及其随时间的变化; ② 自然电场观测技术系统能够配合全方位自然电场观测方法, 在360°范围内开展自然电场及其随时间变化的动态变化测量, 具有较高的观测精度、 较强的抗干扰能力和观测环境适应能力; ③ 天津市静海地震台的试验观测系统记录到了可能与周边水系的季节性变化有关的自然电场全方位变化.      

一种基于特征匹配的大位移变分光流方法

利用Horn-Schunck变分光流的通用模型,将描述符配准作为改进方法的支撑,结合经影像特征匹配所提取的同名特征,在光流条件中增加同名特征一致限制,提出一种基于特征匹配的变分光流方法。利用无人机视频影像对所提出的方法与原始变分光流算法进行了对比实验分析,实验结果表明该方法在目标位移过大时,能利用特征点信息解决光流连续性被打破的问题,准确获得大位移光流。     

2010年春季南极固定冰反照率变化特征及其影响因子

2010年春季至夏季在中山站附近的固定冰面开展了固定冰反照率观测.在春夏过渡期,观测期间的表面反照率呈下降趋势,平均反照率从9月的0.80下降到12月的0.62,整个观测期间的平均值为0.70.雪厚是影响反照率变化的重要因子,融化前期的反照率受表面温度影响较大,干雪期反照率对表面温度并不敏感.降雪可通过增加表面雪厚和减小表面积雪粒径显著增加反照率,云层则可通过吸收入射太阳光中的近红外波段增加反照率,降雪和阴天反照率可比晴天观测平均增加0.18和0.06;吹雪则可通过改变积雪光学厚度导致反照率发生显著变化.受太阳天顶角变化和积雪变性的共同影响,晴天或少云时的反照率在上午随太阳天顶角呈准线性递减,下午则几乎不发生变化;最高值、最低值分别出现在凌晨和下午.本文提出了一组分别表述厚干雪、薄干雪和湿雪反照率日变化的参数化方案,通过太阳天顶角的线性函数隐式考虑进了积雪变性的影响.相比常数反照率方案,该参数化方案能有效提高对反照率日变化的估算能力.     

Investigating hydrologic responses to spatio‐temporal characteristics of storms using a Dynamic Moving Storm generator

A synthetic storm generator—Dynamic Moving Storm (DMS)—is developed in this study to represent spatio‐temporal variabilities of rainfall and storm movement in synthetic storms. Using an urban watershed as the testbed, the authors investigate the hydrologic responses to the DMS parameters and their interactions. In order to reveal the complex nature of rainfall–run‐off processes, previously simplified assumptions are relaxed in this study regarding (a) temporal variability of rainfall intensity and (b) time‐invariant flow velocity in channel routing. The results of this study demonstrate the significant contribution of storm moving velocity to the variation of peak discharge based on a global sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, a pairwise sensitivity analysis is conducted to elucidate not only the patterns in individual contributions from parameters to hydrologic responses but also their interactions with storm moving velocity. The intricacies of peak discharges resulting from sensitivity analyses are then dissected into independent hydrologic metrics, that is, run‐off volume and standard deviation of run‐off timings, for deeper insights. It is confirmed that peak discharge is increased when storms travel downstream along the main channel at the speed that corresponds to a temporal superposition of run‐off. Spatial concentration of catchment rainfall is found to be a critical linkage through which characteristics of moving storms affect peak discharges. In addition, altering peak timing of rainfall intensity in conjunction with storm movement results in varied storm core locations in the channel network, which further changes the flow attenuation effects from channel routing. For future directions, the DMS generator will be embedded in a stochastic modelling framework and applied in rainfall/flow frequency analysis.     

雪玉洞岩溶地下水、地表水Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+变化特征研究

通过2011年对重庆丰都雪玉洞洞内滴水和地下河河水,上覆岩层中出露的表层岩溶泉水和雪玉洞附近龙河河水等不同类型水中Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+浓度及Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值的研究,发现不同水的Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+随外界降水条件的改变而出现明显变化。表层岩溶泉水Ca2+变化能够敏感反应外界降水条件改变,滴水对外界降雨的反应滞后接近1个月,地下河Ca2+可以反应雨季和旱季的变化,地表河水Ca2+全年比较稳定,但是对特殊干旱天气有显著响应。2011年不同类型水的Mg2+、Sr2+全年变化趋势基本一致,在降水较多的3、5、10月呈低值,在其他降水较少的月份浓度相对较高。各离子的这种变化特征主要是受到稀释效应、CO2效应以及所在地层的岩性的影响。雪玉洞不同类型水的Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值呈现出滴水>地表河>地下河>表层岩溶泉的特点,反映出不同类型水在含水介质中滞留时间的长短,并且Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值在降水较多的月份降低,在降水较少的月份升高;受碳酸钙的前期沉淀和运移路径差异的影响,不同类型水的Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值变化稍有不同。因此,不同类型水的离子变化及其比值对外界降水条件变化的响应特征和时间的不同,决定了在利用元素及其比值反映外界环境变化时也要区别对待。      

基于ICA的稀疏编码算法在图像处理中的应用

针对独立分量分析基于数据间的高阶统计特性,并能有效揭示图像的本质特征的优势,分析了自然图像基于ICA的稀疏编码的实质,主要从图像压缩和图像去噪两个方面讨论了稀疏编码算法在图像处理中的应用。仿真实验结果表明,稀疏编码算法能够有效提取自然图像的特征基向量,利用特征系数的稀疏性,可以有效实现自然图像的压缩;结合软门限算子对噪声图像的特征系数进行处理,能有效减小自然图像中的高斯噪声的影响。     

Chemical profile of the secondary metabolites produced by a deep-sea sediment-derived fungus Penicillium commune SD-118

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract from Penicillium commune SD-118, a fungus obtained from a deep-sea sediment sample, resulted in the isolation of a known antibacterial compound, xanthocillin X (1), and 14 other known compounds comprising three steroids (2-4), two ceramides (5 and 6), six aromatic compounds (7-12), and three alkaloids (13-15). Xanthocillin X (1) was isolated for the first time from a marine fungus. In the bioassay, xanthocillin X (1) displayed remarkable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HepG2, H460, Hela, Du145, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Meleagrin (15) exhibited cytotoxicity against HepG2, Hela, Du145, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. This is the first report of the cytotoxicity of xanthocillin X (1).     

基于无机氮浓度响应系数的厦门湾沿岸污水处理厂排放口选址优化

基于美国普林斯顿大学的河口、陆架和海洋模式(ECOM),建立了厦门海域三维变边界的物质输运模型,模拟了厦门海域污水处理厂尾水排放口附近无机氮的响应系数场.结果表明,厦门市尾水排放口中,石渭头排放口响应系数明显小于其他排放口,其排放口中心点的响应系数仅为其他排放口的0.08～0.50;其次是澳头、海沧和筼筜排放口;而杏林、同安、集美以及翔安排放口的响应系数相对较大,说明该区域水动力条件较弱,污染物扩散缓慢,不是理想的排放口.建议将杏林排放口优化调整至海沧排放口,集美、同安、翔安排放口优化调整至澳头排放口进行排放.该研究可为厦门海域尾水排放口选址优化提供科学依据,为厦门海域入海污染物总量控制和海洋环境管理提供参考价值.     

Evaluation of reanalysis and satellite-based sea surface winds using in situ measurements from Chinese Antarctic Expeditions

Sea surface winds from reanalysis （NCEP-2 and ERA-40 datasets） and satellite-based products （QuikSCAT and NCDC blended sea winds） are evaluated using in situ ship measurements from the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expeditions （CH1NAREs） from 1989 through 2006, with emphasis on the Southern Ocean （south of 45°S）. Compared with ship observations, the reanalysis winds have a positive mean bias （0.32 m·s-1 for NCEP-2 and 0.13 m·s-1 for ERA-40）, and this bias is more pronounced in the Southern Ocean （0.57 m·s-1 and 0.45 m·s-1, respectively）. However, mean biases are negative in the tropics and subtropics. The satellite-based winds also show positive mean biases, larger than those of the reanalysis data. All four wind products overestimate ship wind speed for weak winds （〈4 m·s-1） but underestimate for strong winds （〉10 m·s-1）. Differences between the reanalysis and satellite winds are examined to identify regions with large discrepancies.