我国海洋生态调查指南编制说明

海洋生态调查的主要目的是了解海洋生态系统基本的群落结构和生态功能及其重要影响因素,掌握生态系统健康状况,把握其变化趋势。基于生态系统健康理论建立我国海洋生态调查的基本框架体系,编制了我国海洋生态调查指南。根据目前的技术设备、实用方法和经费限制,确定最能反映我国海洋生态系统特征的生态要素和评价内容,并规定了相应的调查和评价方法。与《海洋调查规范海洋生物调查》和《海洋监测规范》比较,该指南具有3个显著特点：①调查要素不仅包括海洋生物和海洋环境等自然要素,还包括人为活动要素,充分考虑我国近海生态系统的高强度开发利用的特点;②从生态系统的结构、功能和压力3个方面建立起海洋生态系统健康评价的核心框架体系;③提出生态压力的量化指标,定量评估人类活动对生态系统的压力。     

青海聚乎更矿区侏罗纪含煤岩系层序地层研究

运用钻井岩心及层序地层学有关理论、方法，对木里煤田聚乎更矿区中侏罗统含煤岩系进行了层序地层学研究，共识别包括区域不整合面、河流下切谷及河道间6个层序界面，将侏罗系含煤岩系划分为5个三级层序。全区发育的厚煤层常横跨不同相区连续分布（如下．煤层），厚煤层的形成主要受控于可容空间的增加速率与泥炭堆积速率的关系。陆相含煤盆地三级层序湖侵体系域聚煤作用最好，煤层厚度的变化则与煤层下伏沉积相有一定关系。     

Low-cost biochar derived from herbal residue: characterization and application for ciprofloxacin adsorption

Thermally carbonization biochar produced from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine waste (Astragalus mongholicus residue) was investigated for its performance in ciprofloxacin adsorption. Batch sorption experiments were conducted, and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analyses were employed to characterize the biochar. The results demonstrated that thermal activation process improves the adsorbent characteristics. Biochar produced at 800 °C had the best adsorption capacity, a better pore structure and the largest surface areas. The adsorption process fit well to a pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The adsorption isothermal model results revealed that the adsorption process of ciprofloxacin is described better by the Freundlich isotherm and the type of adsorption is a chemical process. The maximum adsorption of ciprofloxacin occurred at pH 7. The present research demonstrated that A. mongholicus biochar might be an attractive and cost-effective adsorbent with good adsorption performance for removing ciprofloxacin from water solution.     

思茅地块西缘龙洞河组放射虫动物群及其地质意义

思茅地块西缘的龙洞河组为一套火山—沉积岩系 ,原定时代为晚石炭世 ,被认为属南澜沧江洋弧后盆地沉积。现在龙洞河组层状硅质岩断片中发现了晚泥盆世放射虫化石 ,在细碧角斑岩之硅质岩夹层中发现了早石炭世放射虫动物群 ,表明龙洞河组不全是晚石炭世地层 ,而是由晚古生代的一些地层断片组成。思茅地块西缘深水沉积盆地的演化始于泥盆纪 ,应为滇西南古特提斯多岛洋的一个分支 ,向南可能与泰国难河带对比。     

南水北调中线干渠浮游植物群落时空格局及其决定因子

为了解南水北调中线干渠浮游植物群落的时空格局,自2018年8月开始分4个季度对干渠沿程的11个样点进行采样调查,同步开展水环境调查;共检出浮游植物7门83属145种,物种丰富度上,硅藻种类数最多,绿藻和蓝藻分别占第2和第3位,且春季＞秋季＞冬季＞夏季;优势种包括极小曲丝藻(Achnanthidum minutissim...     

基于微米CT页岩微裂缝表征方法研究

页岩储层中的微裂缝是页岩气的储集空间,也是页岩气运移、散失的重要通道。通过微米CT扫描、场发射扫描电镜(FE- SEM)和岩芯观测等手段,明确了焦石坝地区JYA井龙马溪组页岩微裂缝结构特征,对比了微裂缝在不同条件下(地表或地层)的张开度及其对页岩渗透率的贡献,初步探讨了微裂缝对页岩纳米孔隙保存的影响。结果表明：① 基于微米CT可将页岩样品分为基质组分、高密度矿物(如黄铁矿)及裂缝三个部分,其体积比分别为97. 88%、0. 88%和1. 24%;② 微裂缝在空间上主要呈孤立状、细长条状或锯齿弯曲状,其长度分布范围为3. 4~299μm,以3. 4~20μm为主,平均为12. 44μm;③ 微裂缝在地层中的张开度约为2. 2~30. 33μm,平均为3. 97μm,相对于地表张开度(平均为6. 24μm)降低了36. 38%。尽管这部分微裂缝体积仅占页岩样品总体积的0. 7%,却提供了页岩储层中70%以上的渗透率。笔者认为JYA井龙马溪组页岩内部大量发育的网状结构微裂缝是页岩气沿着“孔隙—微裂缝—宏观裂缝”路径发生强烈“解吸—运移—逸散”作用的重要通道,进而导致孔隙因流体压力降低而压缩变形和闭合,不利于纳米孔隙的保存,这对于研究微裂缝在页岩储层中主要为储集空间或逸散通道具有重要的现实意义。     

黄河上游水电工程对局地气候的影响

本文阐述了黄河上游段水电工程概况，并以刘家峡和龙羊峡水库为主对库周各站建加前后各５年或１０年的气象资料进行了对比分析，揭示了水库对周围地区各气候因子影响程度。     

贺兰山对银川一次致灾暴雨过程影响的数值模拟

贺兰山是中国西北地区干旱区与半干旱区的重要分界线,但是其地形对某些强降水天气过程的影响并不清楚。本文利用WRFV3.4中尺度数值模式,对2012年7月29-30日发生在银川的罕见大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并进行了削平贺兰山的敏感性试验。结果表明:贺兰山地形对其东侧银川地区低层绕流气旋的产生、垂直运动、散度场、水汽通量散度都有促进、加强作用,对此次银川大暴雨的产生起了至关重要的作用; 若将贺兰山削平,在贺兰山以西的腾格里沙漠东部地区低层流场将出现切变辐合,垂直运动、散度场、水汽通量散度加强,会导致该地区降水强度增强、范围扩大。这表明,就该区域某些强降水天气过程而言,贺兰山加强其以东银川地区的降水,而对其以西腾格里沙漠东部的降水产生明显的不利影响。     

南海北部台风和中尺度暖涡对近惯性振荡的影响

基于2014年8-9月南海北部东沙群岛附近海域两个临近站位(站位A,20.736°N,117.745°E,水深1 249 m;站位B,20.835°N,117.56°E,水深848 m)的潜标数据,研究了台风过境所激发的近惯性振荡的特征,分析了中尺度暖涡对近惯性频率的调制及其对近惯性动能分布和传播的影响。站位A(B)142(175) m以浅,近惯性频率由0.710 1(0.713 3)周/d红移至0.659 2周/d,频率减小了7.2%(7.6%),观测结果与两个站位所处的背景涡度相吻合。中尺度暖涡改变了水体层结状态,两个站位的近惯性动能在不同层结中被改变了0.5～3倍。水体层结对能量的折射作用使得站位B的近惯性动能在深度158～223 m之间衰减较少,而站位A的近惯性动能则随着深度的增加快速减小。站位A和站位B近惯性内波的垂向群速度分别约为15.2 m/d和14.1 m/d。如果忽略近惯性动能的水平辐散,近惯性内波的垂向传播分别造成了两个站位垂向上约47%和38%的近惯性动能衰减。     

Shiyang River streamflow since AD 1765, reconstructed by tree rings,contains far‐reaching hydro‐climatic signals over and beyond the mid‐latitude Asian continent

In this study, the regional tree‐ring chronology of Picea crassifolia was used to estimate annual (September to August) streamflow of the Shiyang River for the period from AD 1765 to 2010. The linear regression model was stable and could explain 41.5% of the variance for the calibration period of 1955–2005. According to the streamflow reconstruction, dry periods with below average streamflow occurred in AD 1775–1804, 1814–1823, 1831–1856, 1862–1867, 1877–1885, 1905–1910, 1926–1932, 1948–1951, 1960–1963 and 1989–2002. Periods of relatively wet years are identified for AD 1765–1774, 1805–1813, 1824–1830, 1857–1861, 1868–1876, 1886–1904, 1911–1925, 1933–1947, 1952–1959, 1964–1988 and 2003–2010. Comparisons with the precipitation reconstructions from surrounding areas supplied a high degree of confidence in our reconstruction. Our reconstructed streamflow is significantly correlated with sea surface temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean. The Multitaper spectral and correlation analyses also suggested that the reconstructed streamflow variation in the Shiyang River could be associated with large‐scale atmospheric‐oceanic variability, such as El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The linkages among the streamflow reconstruction, NAO and ENSO suggest the connection of regional streamflow variations to the Asian monsoon and westerlies circulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.