盐城市乡镇经济差异空间分析

以乡镇为研究单元,以人均GDP与nich指数为测度指标,采用ESDA等空间分析技术,依托增长极等理论,分析1999—2007年盐城市乡镇经济空间格局与经济差异驱动因素。结果表明:盐城市乡镇经济空间格局总体呈现"东南—西北"递减态势。临海乡镇经济发展水平普遍较高,市区、大丰港"增长极"与国道"发展轴"的区域经济带动能力逐渐增强。市域内乡镇经济发展水平与增长速度呈显著的空间自相关,落后地区重点乡镇"增长极"的培育有助于改善周边乡镇贫困局面,重大项目投资产生的"乘数效应"对市域乡镇经济格局影响突出。     

Crystallisation conditions (T, P, fO2) from mineral chemistry of Cu- and Au-mineralised alkaline intrusions in the Red River–Jinshajiang alkaline igneous belt, western Yunnan Province, China

The Oligocene Yao’an syenite porphyry, associated with gold mineralisation, and the Machangqing alkali granite porphyry–monzonite porphyry, associated with Cu mineralisation, belong to the Red River–Jinshajiang alkaline igneous belt that formed in a continental setting in southwestern China. A study of the mineral chemistry of major silicate minerals in these two mineralised intrusions provides insights into their overall crystallisation conditions. The temperature and pressure conditions, derived from amphibole–plagioclase and perthite–plagioclase geothermometry and Al-in-amphibole barometry, suggest that the Yao’an intrusion crystallised at around 820?±?50°C and 0.9–1.3 kbar, whereas the Machangqing intrusion crystallised at around 730?±?50°C and 2.2–2.8 kbar. The higher temperature and lower pressure of crystallisation for the Yao’an intrusion relative to the Machangqing intrusion indicates that it was emplaced at a shallower crustal level. Based on biotite composition, the two intrusions formed under imposed oxygen fugacities above the Ni–NiO buffer (NNO), and the Yao’an intrusion crystallised under more oxidising conditions than the Machangqing intrusion. The results show that the intrusions associated with Cu–Au mineralisation in the Red River–Jinshajiang alkaline igneous belt were emplaced at a relatively high fO₂, which, together with the weakly fractionated magma, favoured Au enrichment relative to Cu in the belt.     

Annual variations in the surface radiation budget and soil water and heat content in the Upper Yellow River area

Measurements taken between July 2006 to May 2007 at the Maqu station in the Upper Yellow River area were used to study the surface radiation budget and soil water and heat content in this area. These data revealed distinct seasonal variations in downward shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation, upward longwave radiation and net radiation, with larger values in the summer than in winter because of solar altitudinal angle. The upward shortwave radiation factor is not obvious because of albedo (or snow). Surface albedo in the summer was lower than in the winter and was directly associated with soil moisture and solar altitudinal angle. The annual averaged albedo was 0.26. Soil heat flux, soil temperature and soil water content changed substantially with time and depth. The soil temperature gradient was positive from August to February and was related to the surface net radiation and the heat condition of the soil itself. There was a negative correlation between soil temperature gradient and net radiation, and the correlation coefficient achieved a significance level of 0.01. Because of frozen state of the soil, the maximum soil thermal conductivity value was 1.21 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹ in January 2007. In May 2007, soil thermal conductivity was 0.23 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹, which is the lowest value measured in the study, likely due to the fact that the soil was drier then than in other months. The soil thermal conductivity values for the four seasons were 0.27, 0.38, 0.55 and 0.83 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹, respectively.     

ISEE: Internet‐based Simulation for Earthquake Engineering—Part I: Database approach

An Internet‐based framework, named Internet‐based Simulation for Earthquake Engineering (ISEE) was developed to facilitate collaborative earthquake engineering experiments performed by multiple laboratories in a network environment. One of the approaches in the ISEE framework, named Database Approach, offers an easy way to perform multi‐site networked collaborative pseudo‐dynamic experiments. The Database Approach uses the Structured Query Language (SQL), a common and standardized computer language used in database management systems, for inter‐laboratory communications. Using the SQL protocol, it is easy to monitor the experiments' progress, access the data, as well as develop additional programs to expand the functions for a networked experiment. This approach offers consistency and durability of selected experimental data both during and after experiments. Two networked pseudo‐dynamic experiments were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and expansibility of the Database Approach in ISEE. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Alternatives of strategic environmental assessment for road traffic development planning—Case of Changchun City, China

On analyzing the achievement of the goal in the modern urban road traffic development planning, the alternative of Strategic Environmental Assessment for urban traffic planning should include the basic scheme, the extended scheme and the environmental protection scheme. This study from different perspectives designed the alternatives for Changchun's county-level road and urban road system planning, and used the method of System Dynamics to simulate, optimize and analyze those alternatives. Thereafter, some methods including the correlation function method were used to comprehensively assess and rank those alternatives for recommending two best alternatives with the consideration to the indicators, such as the total emission amount of CO, the total emission amount of nitrogen oxides, the noise value, the road construction cost, the fossil oil consumption and the traffic capacity. The result showed that the study would provide substantial supports for decision-makers to make more scientific decisions and promote the sustainable urban traffic in Changchun City.     

Geochemistry and origin of deep-seated cracked gas on the northern slope of the Dongying Sag, Shandong Province

Deep-seated cracked gas exploration was achieved great breakthrough in Es4L of the Minfeng area on the northern slope of the Dongying Sag. Carbon isotopic and molecular compositions studies revealed the characteristics of wet gas and a normal trend of carbon isotopic composition. Empirical cutoff points of δ13C2 and δ13C3 and light hydrocarbon compositions distinguished the cracking gas as sapropelic gas. Variations in i/nC5, i/nC4 and δ13C2 fur-ther confirmed that the gas was cracked from residual kerogen. Source characteristics indicated that the gas was de-rived from mature-highly mature source rocks of Es4 with kerogen type II being dominant mixed with some oil-cracking gas. Burial history modeling indicated that there were two hydrocarbon charging periods in Es4L reser-voirs. The first period refers to the Guantao-Minghuazhen stage dominated by oil charging, while the second period refers to the Minghuazhen stage and has been dominated by cracked gas charging till now.     

1961—2010年东北地区夏季降水时空变化的研究

东北地区地处中高纬欧亚大陆东岸,处在东亚季风区的边缘,其降水主要集中在夏季,并且降水量具有显著的地域差异和年际变化。研究东北夏季降水特点,可为降水预报、气候预测和农业生产提供可靠依据。本文利用东北地区27个测站1961—2010年夏季逐月降水资料,通过E-OF和小波分析的方法研究东北地区夏季降水的时空变化规律,结果表明：东北地区夏季降水量主要表现为三种空间分布型：总体一致型、南-北反位相型以及东南-西北反位相型;东北地区夏季降水量存在明显的年际变化,降水变化周期为8—11a;东北地区夏季各月降水量的差异,主要是由地形原因和纬线跨度差异造成的。     

青海聚乎更矿区侏罗纪含煤岩系层序地层研究

运用钻井岩心及层序地层学有关理论、方法，对木里煤田聚乎更矿区中侏罗统含煤岩系进行了层序地层学研究，共识别包括区域不整合面、河流下切谷及河道间6个层序界面，将侏罗系含煤岩系划分为5个三级层序。全区发育的厚煤层常横跨不同相区连续分布（如下．煤层），厚煤层的形成主要受控于可容空间的增加速率与泥炭堆积速率的关系。陆相含煤盆地三级层序湖侵体系域聚煤作用最好，煤层厚度的变化则与煤层下伏沉积相有一定关系。     

Parameterization of the Ångström–Prescott formula based on machine learning benefit estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration with missing solar radiation data

Accurately estimated reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) is essential to regional water management. The FAO recommends coupling the Penman–Monteith (P-M) model with the Ångström–Prescott (A-P) formula as the standard method for ET₀ estimation with missing R_s measurements. However, its application is usually restricted by the two fundamental coefficients (a and b) of the A-P formula. This paper proposes a new method for estimating ET₀ with missing R_s by combining machine learning with physical-based P-M models (PM-ET₀). The benchmark values of the A-P coefficients were first determined at the daily, monthly, and yearly scales, and further evaluated in R_s and ET₀ estimates at 80 national R_s measuring stations. Then, three empirical models and four machine-learning methods were evaluated in estimating the A-P coefficients. Machine learning methods were also used to estimate ET₀ (ML-ET₀) to compare with the PM-ET₀. Finally, the optimal estimation method was used to estimate the A-P coefficients for the 839 regular weather stations for ET₀ estimation without R_s measurement for China. The results demonstrated a descending trend for coefficient a from northwest to southeast China, with larger values in cold seasons. However, coefficient b showed the opposite distribution as the coefficient a. The FAO has recommended a larger a but a smaller b for southeast China, which produced the region's largest R_s and ET₀ estimation errors. Additionally, the A-P coefficients calibrated at the daily scale obtained the best estimation accuracy for both R_s and ET₀, and slightly outperformed the monthly and yearly coefficients without significant difference in most cases. The machine learning methods outperformed the empirical methods for estimating the A-P coefficients, especially for the sites with extreme values. Further, ML-ET₀ outperformed the PM-ET₀ with yearly A-P coefficients but underperformed those with daily and monthly ones. This study indicates an exciting potential for combining machine learning with physical models for estimating ET₀. However, we found that using the A-P coefficients with finer time scales is unnecessary to deal with the missing R_s measurements.     

西南极菲尔德斯半岛岩浆作用非平衡过程的自组织现象

对西南极菲尔德斯半岛早第三纪火山岩岩石学、地球化学特征及岩浆作用过程的具体分析表明，其岩浆演化过程是岩浆系统与周围环境（介质）进行能量和物质交换的热能耗散过程，具有动态平衡和阶段性的特点。岩浆结晶的多级复合结构和高位岩浆房中的分带构造，是岩浆作用非平衡过程的自组织现象。这种自组织现象也称作耗散结构