桂东早古生代地层碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年代学及其对华夏陆块加里东期构造事件性质的约束

对广西东部大瑶山-大明山地区分别位于早古生代不整合面之下和之上的寒武纪和泥盆纪地层进行了系统的碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究.除少数为早太古宙锆石外, 寒武纪地层碎屑锆石的年龄主要有2.7~2.6、~1.8、1.4~1.1和~1.0Ga四组峰值及分别为250Ma和105Ma的热液改造年龄记录; 泥盆纪地层碎屑锆石除少数具有古太古代年龄外, 其余主要形成于~1.7和~1.0Ga, 并记录了强烈的~100Ma的热改造事件.这些特征表明, 研究区具有华夏陆块的属性, 扬子与华夏陆块的边界应位于该区西北以远; 经加里东构造事件后, 研究区沉积盆地的物源区发生了改变, 因而加里东期岩浆作用在本区并没有显示.结合前人研究成果分析, 加里东事件可能指示了已裂开古陆块与华夏陆块间发生的斜向碰撞, 而大瑶山-大明山地区为沿垂直于该碰撞方向挤压形成的被动盆地.区域地层中部分碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素组成的重置和热液锆石的形成, 反映了研究区在印支期和燕山期存在大规模流体参与的热改造事件, 这些热液对流作用应是导致本地区乃至整个华南褶皱带陆缘Au-Cu多金属矿带形成的重要原因之一.      

一种求气井二项式方程系数的新方法

针对开发早期气田缺乏产能试井资料的实际情况，由于无法用传统的压力降法计算产能方程，故而基于最优化算法，提出了一种利用稳定生产数据和井控储量求取气井产能方程系数的新方法。在只知道稳定生产数据情况下便可进行计算分析。该方法在气田进行了实际应用，并和实际资料以及传统试凑法计算的结果进行了比较，表明方法的计算结果较为可靠。     

山东海阳断裂东石兰沟段晚更新世以来地表断错特征与最大潜在地震估计

海阳断裂是胶东半岛NE向牟平 -即墨断裂带东部一条规模较大的断裂 ,尽管晚更新世以来该断裂的地表断错活动总体上已基本停息 ,但东石兰沟段在晚更新世晚期以来仍有断错地表的活动。最后一次断错地表的活动发生在距今 3 7～ 1 2万年 ,但接近 1 2万年。地表破裂长度约6 5km ,活动段长度 8km。地表断错以走滑活动为主 ,可见最大倾滑位移 0 2m ;根据断层擦痕侧伏角推测最大水平位移 1 13m。最后一次断错地表的活动若以距今 1 2万年计算 ,则最大平均倾滑速率为 0 0 17mm/a ;最大平均右旋走滑速率为 0 0 94mm/a。野外观测到该活动段的断错活动表现为突发断错 ,根据地震地表破裂参数、活动段长度与地震的关系 ,估计其最大潜在地震为 6 级     

Studying Resource-Dependent Communities Through a Social-Ecological Lens? Examining Complementarity with Existing Research Traditions in Canada

This article explores the suitability of Ostrom and colleagues' social-ecological systems framework (SESF) for the study of resource-dependent communities in Canada. Through a broad literature about resource-dependent communities in Canada, three main approaches are identified, named staples research, rural development, and sustainability studies. Each of these research traditions is analyzed with regards to a common set of criteria – focus, scale, methods, treatment of institutions, and treatment of environmental dimensions. Research in each category is compared and contrasted with the SESF approach, to identify areas of overlap and divergence. Results indicate that the SESF is unlikely to provide additional benefit in terms of in-depth of social analysis, however, it does provide a unique contribution in terms of its coupled approach to conceiving social and ecological systems and its ability to operationalize these relationships through structured variables.     

Cancer risks from exposure to vehicular air pollution: a household level analysis of intra-ethnic heterogeneity in Miami,Florida

Quantitative environmental justice (EJ) research has relied on aggregated data from census units to determine disproportionate hazard exposure. Additionally, variables typically used to analyze ethnic inequities in exposure (e.g., percent Hispanic) are too broad and assume a degree of homogeneity that may not exist, given the diversity of ethnic minority populations. We address these limitations through a study that utilizes primary household level survey data and cancer risk estimates from the National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) to analyze intra-ethnic inequities in exposure to vehicular air pollutants in the Miami metropolitan area, Florida. Our analysis disaggregates the Hispanic category based on five characteristics (language proficiency, U.S. citizenship, nativity, unemployment status, and national origin) and finds that risk burdens are significantly higher for Hispanic respondents who are foreign-born, unemployed, and of Cuban origin. Findings highlight the advantages of downscaling EJ analyses to the household level and considering intra-ethnic heterogeneity in EJ research and policy.     

数字化气氡观测干扰因素的分析研究

在进行地下流体数字化气氡观测及将观测资料应用于震情分析的过程中 ,发现某些干扰因素对数字化气氡观测和水氡的影响不同。在目前所用观测仪器和方法的条件下 ,气温对气氡值的影响系数为 - 0 4 % /℃ ;气压对气氡测值的影响系数为 0 1% /hPa ;不同类型的气水分离装置对气氡观测的影响很显著 ;同一含水层的井 (泉 )出水量的短期变化可引起观测水井流量的变化 ,但对气氡测值影响不显著 ;气氡测值对逸出气流量的变化反映不明显 ;逸出气含有杂质及气路泄漏等均会引起测值的下降。结合仪器的工作原理 ,对干扰产生的机制以及排除的方法进行了讨论     

Trophic modeling of the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem, Part II: Elucidating ecosystem dynamics from 1995 to 2004 with a focus on the impact of ENSO

The Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem is one of the most productive in the world in terms of fish production. Its location near to the equator permits strong upwelling under relatively low winds, thus creating optimal conditions for the development of plankton communities. These communities ultimately support abundant populations of grazing fish such as the Peruvian anchoveta, Engraulis ringens. The ecosystem is also subject to strong inter-annual environmental variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which has major effects on nutrient structure, primary production, and higher trophic levels. Here our objective is to model the contributions of several external drivers (i.e. reconstructed phytoplankton changes, fish immigration, and fishing rate) and internal control mechanisms (i.e. predator-prey) to ecosystem dynamics over an ENSO cycle. Steady-state models and time-series data from the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) from 1995 to 2004 provide the base data for simulations conducted with the program Ecopath with Ecosim. In simulations all three external drivers contribute to ecosystem dynamics. Changes in phytoplankton quantity and composition (i.e. contribution of diatoms and dino- and silicoflagellates), as affected by upwelling intensity, were important in dynamics of the El Niño of 1997–98 and the subsequent 3 years. The expansion and immigration of mesopelagic fish populations during El Niño was important for dynamics in following years. Fishing rate changes were the most important of the three external drivers tested, helping to explain observed dynamics throughout the modeled period, and particularly during the post-El Niño period. Internal control settings show a mix of predator–prey control settings; however a “wasp-waist” control of the ecosystem by small pelagic fish is not supported.     

塔里木盆地中新生代海侵和海相地层研究的新进展

中新生代海侵是塔里木盆地地质发展史上的重要事件之一。通过对新近发现的古生物化石和海相地层资料研究，本文提出了早白垩世、晚白垩世、古近纪的海侵范围的新认识。同时，依据露头和钻井资料提出了中新世海水分布的新范围。这些新成果对厘定塔里木盆地中新生代地层时代，建立整个盆地中新生代地层格架和油气远景分析具有重要意义。     

苏浙皖地区海相油气地质特征及勘探目标的选择

从晚震旦世开始至中三叠世，苏浙皖（下扬子）地区沉积了三套巨厚的海相烃源岩系，即：上震旦统一上奥陶统，石炭系－二叠系，下三叠统海相烃源岩，三套烃源岩热演化特点不同，下古生界烃源岩经历了加里东、印支－燕山期构造阶段的热演化，已达过成熟干气阶段，上古生界烃源岩基本处于生油阶段晚期；大部分三叠系烃源岩处于成熟生油阶段，少数处于未成熟阶段，区内下古生界烃源岩经历了两次成油过程，第一次发生在加里东运动前的盆地沉降阶段，第二次发生在加里东运动后晚古生代陆表海代积阶段，全区海相油气储盖条件发育，配置有利，经多年油气勘探证实，下古生界油气勘探应立足于苏北地区，上古生界油气勘探除苏北地区外，尚有皖南与浙西地区，中生界海相油气勘探应集中在区内几个发育较好的中生代盆地，如常州、句容，无为，望江盆地等。     

An efficient technique for pre-selecting low-redshift damped Lyα systems

The number of z ∼ 1 damped Lyα systems (DLAs, log  N (H  i ) ≥ 20.3) per unit redshift is approximately 0.1, making them relatively rare objects. Large, blind QSO surveys for low-redshift DLAs are therefore an expensive prospect for space-borne ultraviolet telescopes. Increasing the efficiency of these surveys by pre-selecting DLA candidates based on the equivalent widths (EWs) of metal absorption lines has previously been a successful strategy. However, the success rate of DLA identification is still only ∼35 per cent when simple EW cut-offs are applied, the majority of systems having 19.0 < log  N (H  i ) < 20.3. Here, we propose a new way to pre-select DLA candidates. Our technique requires high-to-moderate-resolution spectroscopy of the Mg  ii λ2796 transition, which is easily accessible from the ground for 0.2 ≲ z ≲ 2.4. We define the D -index, the ratio of the line equivalent width to velocity spread, and measure this quantity for 19 DLAs and eight sub-DLAs in archival spectra obtained with echelle spectrographs. For the majority of absorbers, there is a clear distinction between the D -index of DLAs compared with sub-DLAs (Kolmogorov–Smirnov probability = 0.8 per cent). Based on this pilot data sample, we find that the D -index can select DLAs with a success rate of up to 90 per cent, an increase in selection efficiency by a factor of 2.5 compared with a simple EW cut. We test the applicability of the D -index at lower resolution and find that it remains a good discriminant of DLAs for full width at half-maximum (FWHM) ≲ 1.5 Å. However, the recommended D -index cut-off between DLAs and sub-DLAs decreases with poorer resolution and we tabulate the appropriate D -index values that should be used with spectra of different resolutions.